Table 4.

The relationship between frailty and overall survival

Study	Design	Patient (n =)	Country	Frailty screening tool	Frailty Prevalence	Timing of assessment	Age (Median/ Mean; years)	% Male/Female	TNM Stage	Survival Outcome Measured	Mean/Median Follow-up (Years)	Comments
Artiles-Armas et al. (2021) [34]	Prospective	149	Spain	Clinical Frailty Scale	42 (CSHA CFS ≥ 4)	Pre-operative	75	64/36	I-IV	Overall survival	5	Frailty not associated with reduced survival on UV binary log regression (P = 0.249)
Feliciano et al. (2020) [22]	Prospective	691	USA	Frailty phenotype	18 (Fried ≥ 3/5 criteria)	Pre-operative	63	Female only	NR	Overall survival	5.8	Frailty associated with OS on MV binary log regression (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.39–2.69, P < 0.001)
Mima et al. (2020) [35]	Retrospective	729	Japan	Clinical Frailty Scale	35 (CSHA CFS ≥ 4)	Pre-operative	NR (46% ≥ 75 years)	53/47	I-III	Overall survival	3.5	Frailty associated with OS on MV binary log regression (HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.40–2.99, P < 0.001)

UV Univariate, MV Multivariate, HR Hazard ratio