Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of commercially insured children aged < 18 years with AOM episodes, by PCV period (1998–2018)
| Perioda | Pre-PCV7 | Early PCV7 | Late PCV7 | Early PCV13 | Late PCV13 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1998–1999) | (2001–2005) | (2006–2009) | (2011–2013) | (2014–2018) | |
| Total number of children with AOM, Nb | 237,100 | 2,388,239 | 4,226,586 | 4,320,277 | 4,157,822 |
| Age, mean (SD)c,d | 4.82 (4.56) | 4.63 (4.44) | 4.65 (4.43) | 4.89 (4.49) | 4.93 (4.58) |
| < 2 years, % | 31.1% | 31.5% | 30.9% | 28.6% | 29.2% |
| 2–4 years, % | 26.7% | 28.3% | 28.7% | 28.6% | 28.2% |
| 5–17 years, % | 42.2% | 40.2% | 40.4% | 42.8% | 42.6% |
| Male, % | 51.8% | 52.0% | 52.1% | 52.1% | 52.1% |
| Region | |||||
| Northeast, % | 17.7% | 10.5% | 10.7% | 17.4% | 17.5% |
| North Central, % | 26.3% | 23.9% | 27.2% | 25.9% | 22.1% |
| South, % | 40.4% | 43.1% | 48.7% | 36.7% | 44.4% |
| West, % | 6.0% | 21.1% | 12.8% | 17.1% | 14.8% |
| Missing/unknown, % | 9.6% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 2.9% | 1.2% |
| Urbanicity | |||||
| Urban, % | 70.3% | 80.8% | 83.2% | 82.7% | 83.1% |
| Rural, % | 20.0% | 17.8% | 16.2% | 14.3% | 11.9% |
| Missing, % | 9.6% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 2.9% | 4.9% |
| Health plan types | |||||
| HMO/EPO, % | 10.6% | 23.2% | 16.2% | 14.3% | 10.2% |
| PPO/POS, % | 57.1% | 66.4% | 76.0% | 69.4% | 64.5% |
| CDHP/HDHP, % | 0.0% | 1.2% | 2.8% | 9.0% | 20.5% |
| FFS, % | 31.9% | 6.6% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.3% |
| Missing, % | 0.4% | 2.6% | 3.3% | 6.3% | 3.5% |
AOM acute otitis media, CDHP consumer directed health plan, EPO exclusive provider organization, FFS fee-for-service, HDHP high-deductible health plan, HMO health maintenance organization, PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, POS point of service, PPO preferred provider organization, SD standard deviation
aPatients' demographic characteristics and risk factors were firstly determined by each calendar year and then combined by PCV periods, assuming each year has a distinct patient population
bFor each calendar year, patients' demographic characteristics were determined at the index episode, which was defined as the first AOM episode in the given calendar year
cPatients' month and day of birth was imputed as July 1st for all patients. Age at onset was calculated as the difference between condition start date and imputed birth date
dStandard deviations for age in each vaccine period were calculated using the pooled standard deviation of the samples in relevant years