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. 2022 Mar 28;20:164. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01352-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Identification of P2, P4 and P6 human ADSCs and characterization of porous Gelma hydrogel. A Representative images showing the spindle-like morphology of ADSCs in 2D culture dish. Scale bar: 50 μm. B Representative images showing the live and dead ADSCs within porous Gelma hydrogel, C and the rate of live cell. Scale bar: 500 μm. Green: live ADSCs. Red: dead ADSCs. D Characteristic surface markers of ADSCs evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. E Diagram showing 3D-Exo released from porous Gelma hydrogel. F Exosomes yield comparison between 2D- and 3D-cultured conditioned medium from the culture of P2, P4 and P6 ADSCs. G Profile of exosomes released from the porous Gelma hydrogel. H Swelling ratio of the porous Gelma hydrogel in PBS (pH 7.2) at 37 °C. I Degradation ratio of the porous Gelma hydrogel. Data was presented as the mean ± SD of three number of replicates. ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001