TABLE 3.

Association of Sex and Past-year OUD Status on Psychiatric and Substance Use Comorbidities Among US Adults

	Independent Variable
Dependent Variable	Being Female	Having an OUD	Interaction of Sex and OUD
Self-reported pain
Moderately, quite a bit, or extremely	1.28‡	7.75‡	0.84
Lifetime personality disorder
Any personality disorder	0.90*	7.28‡	0.93
Antisocial personality disorder	0.38‡	6.52‡	1.09
Borderline personality disorder	1.04	7.63‡	0.98
Schizotypal personality disorder	1.00	6.98‡	0.83
Past-year psychiatric disorder
Any psychiatric disorder	1.88‡	7.62‡	0.95
Major depressive disorder	2.02‡	4.29‡	0.88
Persistent depressive disorder	1.66‡	9.33‡	0.49*
Bipolar I disorder	0.90	9.62‡	0.85
Generalized anxiety disorder	1.80‡	2.96‡	1.47
Post-traumatic stress disorder	1.97	5.20	1.36
Panic disorder	2.34‡	8.47‡	0.61
Number of past-year psychiatric disorder §	1.79‡	4.83‡	0.79
Past-year substance use disorder
Alcohol use disorder	0.54‡	4.70‡	1.02
Tobacco use disorder	0.67‡	7.07‡	1.03
Any substance use disorder	0.52‡	16.93‡	1.39
Sedative use disorder	1.73	146.73‡	0.55
Cannabis use disorder	0.46‡	12.17‡	1.17
Cocaine use disorder	0.57*	32.36‡	0.54
Stimulant use disorder	1.06	53.98‡	0.59
Hallucinogen use disorder	0.56	87.59‡	1.15
Inhalant/solvent use disorder	0.21	91.61‡	-∥
Club drug use disorder	0.33†	25.13‡	1.20
Number of past-year substance use disorder §	0.55‡	18.83‡	1.15

For coding, being female=1 versus being male = 0 and having an OUD = 1 and not having an OUD = 0.

^*<0.05.

^†<0.01.

^‡<0.001.

^§Indicates that the incidence rate ratio was reported using Poisson regression modeling.

^∥Cannot be calculated due to no observation in female adults with OUD.