TABLE 1.

Summary (2012–2021) of apigenin and genistein in the treatment of PCa.

Flavone	Mechanisms	In-vitro	In-vivo	References
Apigenin	Inhibiting IKKα	Inhibiting the proliferation of PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells	Reducing tumor growth of PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells xenografts	Shukla et al. (2015)
	Targeting PI3K/Akt/FoxO	Inducing cell arrest of PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells	Reducing tumor growth and metastasis of TRAMP mice	Shukla et al. (2014a)
	Inhibiting IAP	Inducing apoptosis of PC-3 and DU145 cells	Reducing tumor growth of PC-3 cells xenograft	Shukla et al. (2014b)
	Inhibiting ANT2	Sensitizing TRAIL in DU145 cells	ND a	Oishi et al. (2013)
	Suppressing EMT	Inhibiting DU145 and PC-3 M cells proliferation and migration	Reducing tumor growth and metastasis of PC-3 M cells xenograft	Zhu et al., 2015; Chien et al., 2019
	Suppressing CSCs	Sensitizing cisplatin in CD44+ PCa stem cells	ND	Erdogan et al. (2016); Erdogan et al. (2017)
Genistein
	Suppressing CSCs	Inhibiting the tumorigenicity of PCa CSCs	Reducing tumor growth of PCa CSCs cells xenograft	Zhang et al. (2012)
	Targeting PI3K/Akt	Inhibiting PC-3 cells proliferation and migration	Reducing tumor growth of PC-3 cells xenograft	Song et al. (2020)
	Targeting MMP2 and apoptosis	Inhibiting PC-3 cells proliferation and migration	ND	Shafiee et al. (2020)
	Targeting DNA repair	Sensitizing AG1024 and radiotherapy in PC-3 and DU145 cells	Reducing tumor growth of DU145 cells xenograft	Tang et al. (2018)
		Sensitizing DOX	Reducing tumor growth	Wang et al. (2018)
	Inhibiting Glu-1	Synergizing with celecoxib in PC-3 and LNCap cells	ND	Tian et al. (2019)
	Demethylating	Inhibiting LNCap and LAPC cells proliferation	ND	Mahmoud et al. (2015)
	Inhibiting IGF-1	Inhibiting PC-3 cells growth	ND	Lee et al. (2012)
	Regulating miRNA and lncRNA	Inhibiting PC-3 and DU145 cells	ND	Chiyomaru et al. (2012); Chiyomaru et al. (2013b)
	Inducing apoptosis	Sensitizing cabazitaxel, topotecan and radiotherapy in PC-3 or LNCaP cells	Reducing tumor growth of PC-3 cells xenograft	Hörmann et al., 2012; Zhang et al. (2013); Jackson et al. (2019)

^aND, not determined.