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. 2022 Mar 11;12:837589. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837589

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Copyright © 2022 Shi, Tian, Ulm, Mallinger, Khoshbouei, Deleyrolle and Sarkisian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TTFields disrupt cilia in patient samples ex vivo. (A) Ex vivo treatment of surgical resections. Biopsies were dissected and separated into immediate/acute fix, 24 h control or 24 TTFields treatment. Tissue was fixed, frozen, cryosectioned, and immunostained. Nuclei are labeled with DAPI. (B) Immunostaining of control section of a grade 1 subependymoma showed ARL13B⁺ cilia (arrowheads) extending from OFD1⁺ basal bodies (arrows). (C) TTFields-treated tissue section showed OFD1⁺ basal bodies (arrows) without obvious ARL13B⁺ cilia extensions. (D–F) Tissue from a malignant glioma from a 34-year-old male that was separated into immediate/acute fixation, 24-h control, or 24-h TTFields exposure. Tissues were fixed, cryosectioned, and immunostained for ARL13B (green) and gTub (red), and nuclei labeled with DAPI (white). ARL13B⁺ cilia (arrows) with gTUB⁺ basal bodies (arrowheads) are readily detected in acute (D) and 24-h control (E) but appeared blunted or generally absent in TTFields group (F). (G) Mean (+/− SEM) number of cilia/field (n = 12–13 fields/group) from samples in (D–F). ^**** p < 0.0001 (ANOVA). Scale bars (in µm) in (A) = 10.