. 2021 Aug 8;5(3):151–163. doi: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.08.001

Table 3.

Therapeutic interventions on gut microbiome and outcomes in PBS or PSC patients.

Therapeutic interventions	Outcomes	References
FMT	A pilot clinical trial including 10 patients with PSC-IBD showed that FMT in PSC-IBD patients was safe and could improve gut microbiome diversity with no significant change in fecal bile acid profile.	¹²⁹
Antibiotics	Several antibiotics have shown significant improvement in serological liver injury markers of PSC patients. Among these antibiotics, vancomycin shows a remarkable efficacy in ameliorating symptoms of PSC patients in several clinical trials.	¹³⁰^,¹³¹
Probiotics	Probiotics (containing four Lactobacillus and two Bifidobacterium strains) did not show significant beneficial effects on symptoms, liver biochemistry or liver function in PSC patients.	¹³²
Probiotics	A case study suggests that a combination of prednisolone, salazosulfapyridine, and a probiotic (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) treatment significantly improved a 13 years old PSC patient.	¹³³
UDCA	UDCA therapy can partially restore the altered gut microbiome in PBC patients, and the gut microbiome in turn is associated with the response of PBC patients to UDCA therapy.	¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰³

Abbreviations: FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; PSC-IBD, primary sclerosing cholangitis with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid.