Table 3.
Asymmetric Within-Between Random Effects Model of Internet Use and Cognitive Functioning by Birth Cohorts
| Variables | Model 2A: Main effects | Model 2B: Moderation effects | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earlier-borna | Later-bornb | Diff | Earlier-borna | Later-bornb | Diff | |
| b (SE) | b (SE) | p | b (SE) | b (SE) | p | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Intercept | 21.81*** (0.74) | 31.07*** (4.21) | .029 | 21.72*** (0.75) | 31.09*** (4.22) | .027 |
| Internet use: Transition inc | 0.43*** (0.07) | 0.15 (0.19) | .14 | −0.14 (0.11) | −0.05 (0.38) | .81 |
| Internet use: Transition inc × Timed | — | — | 0.18*** (0.03) | 0.09 (0.15) | .56 | |
| Internet use: Transition oute | −0.43*** (0.07) | −0.02 (0.18) | .039 | 0.39** (0.12) | 0.02 (0.34) | .32 |
| Internet use: Transition oute × Timed | — | — | −0.24*** (0.03) | −0.03 (0.14) | .16 | |
| Timed | −0.69*** (0.01) | −0.27*** (0.03) | .000 | −0.68*** (0.01) | −0.27*** (0.03) | .000 |
| Covariates (WP; Level 1) | ||||||
| Married | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.19) | .11 | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.19) | .11 |
| Household incomef | 0.10*** (0.02) | 0.04 (0.04) | .24 | 0.10*** (0.02) | 0.04 (0.04) | .24 |
| Depressive symptomsg | −0.03** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | .16 | −0.03** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | .16 |
| Health conditionsh | −0.13*** (0.03) | −0.14 (0.08) | .87 | −0.12*** (0.03) | −0.14 (0.08) | .84 |
| Activities of daily livingi | −0.49*** (0.03) | −0.22** (0.08) | .001 | −0.49*** (0.03) | −0.22** (0.08) | .001 |
| Self-rated memoryj | 0.17*** (0.02) | 0.23*** (0.07) | .40 | 0.17*** (0.02) | 0.23*** (0.07) | .40 |
| Covariates (BP; Level 2) | ||||||
| Age at baseline | −0.18*** (0.01) | −0.22*** (0.06) | .55 | −0.18*** (0.01) | −0.22*** (0.06) | .54 |
| Female | 0.75*** (0.07) | 1.06*** (0.10) | .012 | 0.75*** (0.07) | 1.07*** (0.10) | .010 |
| Minorityk | −2.20*** (0.08) | −1.93*** (0.12) | .07 | − 2.20*** (0.08) | −1.93*** (0.12) | .06 |
| Education (ref. high school graduation) | ||||||
| Less than high school | −2.16*** (0.08) | −2.30*** (0.17) | .46 | −2.15*** (0.08) | −2.30*** (0.17) | .44 |
| Some college | 0.65*** (0.08) | 0.83*** (0.13) | .25 | 0.64*** (0.08) | 0.83*** (0.13) | .23 |
| College degree or more | 1.28*** (0.09) | 2.14*** (0.13) | .000 | 1.28*** (0.09) | 2.14*** (0.13) | .000 |
| Random effects | ||||||
| Time variance | 0.29*** (0.01) | 0.20*** (0.06) | 0.29*** (0.01) | 0.19*** (0.06) | ||
| Intercept variance | 8.74*** (0.18) | 7.78*** (0.30) | 8.74*** (0.18) | 7.78*** (0.30) | ||
| Residual variance | 7.87*** (0.07) | 7.30*** (0.17) | 7.86*** (0.07) | 7.31*** (0.17) | ||
| −2 log likelihood | 355,680.8 | 63,502.6 | 355,590.6 | 63,499.8 |
Notes: Diff = cohort difference; WP = within-person; BP = between-person. Respondent N = 18,592. Respondent-wave observation N = 78,245. All models adjusted for the between-person differences (Level 2) of time-varying variables.
aBirth cohort born in 1941 or earlier, respondent n = 13,771.
bBirth cohort born in 1942 or after, respondent n = 4,821.
cTransitioning from Internet nonuse to Internet use.
dNumber of completed waves.
eTransitioning from Internet use to Internet nonuse.
fLog-transformed sum of all income in a household.
gCount of eight endorsed items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression scale.
hCount of eight diagnosed health conditions.
iCount of limitations in five activities of daily living.
jIndividuals’ rating of their memory at the present time, ranging from 0 (poor) to 4 (excellent).
kSelf-identifying as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic other.
**p < .01, ***p < .001.