TABLE 6.
Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates of incident diabetes for a 20% increase in consumption of energy (kcal/d), protein (g/d), and protein density (% energy from protein/d) based on the naive method ignoring error in the outcome and covariate, the regression calibration method that corrects for covariate error only, and the proposed method
| Modela | Method | HR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for BMIb | Not adjusted for BMI | ||
| Energy (kcal/d) | Naive | 1.002 (0.986, 1.018) | 1.024 (1.008, 1.040) |
| Regression calibration | 1.041 (0.758, 1.429) | 1.421 (1.043, 1.938) | |
| Proposed | 0.822 (0.512, 1.318) | 1.189 (0.836, 1.692) | |
|
| |||
| Protein (g/d) | Naive | 1.024 (1.010, 1.039) | 1.051 (1.035, 1.066) |
| Regression calibration | 1.121 (1.036, 1.213) | 1.231 (1.130, 1.342) | |
| Proposed | 1.077 (0.978, 1.186) | 1.241 (1.114, 1.384) | |
|
| |||
| Protein Density | Naive | 1.100 (1.064, 1.137) | 1.128 (1.091, 1.167) |
| Regression calibration | 1.243 (1.125, 1.374) | 1.325 (1.181, 1.486) | |
| Proposed | 1.266 (1.115, 1.436) | 1.327 (1.183, 1.490) | |
Note: Here, sensitivity = 0.61, specificity = 0.995, and negative predictive value = 0.96.
a
Each model is adjusted for potential confounders and is stratified on age (10-year categories) and dietary modification trial or observational study cohort membership.
b
BMI = Body mass index (kg/m2).