Table 5.
Associations between mental health measures and number of substances used to cope by pregnant people, over time (Time 1 n = 83, Time 2 n = 66).
| Measure/Covariate | Standardised | Unstandardised | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | |
| Pre-COVID Mental/Emotional Health with Time 1 | 0.41 | 0.22–0.59*** | 0.23 | 0.12–0.35*** |
| Substance Use | ||||
| Age | −0.20 | −0.39–0.00 | −0.02 | −0.05–0.00 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.10 | −0.10–0.30 | 0.13 | −0.14–0.40 |
| Income | −0.26 | −0.46 – −0.06* | −0.32 | −0.58–0.07* |
| Employment Status | 0.16 | −0.04–0.37 | 0.21 | −0.05–0.48 |
| Pre-COVID Mental/Emotional Health with Time 2 | 0.46 | 0.25–0.67*** | 0.25 | 0.13–0.37*** |
| Substance Use | ||||
| Age | 0.00 | −0.23–0.23 | 0.00 | −0.02–0.02 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.14 | −0.09–0.37 | 0.16 | −0.11–0.44 |
| Income | −0.18 | −0.41–0.05 | −0.19 | −0.44–0.06 |
| Employment Status | −0.04 | −0.28–0.19 | −0.05 | −0.31–0.21 |
| Time 1 Mental and Emotional Health with Time 2 | 0.14 | 0.04–0.24** | 0.14 | 0.11–0.56** |
| Substance Use | ||||
| Age | 0.09 | −0.15–0.33 | 0.01 | −0.01–0.03 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.08 | −0.16–0.32 | 0.10 | −0.19–0.38 |
| Income | −0.09 | −0.44–0.05 | −0.21 | −0.48–0.05 |
| Employment Status | −0.20 | −0.34–0.15 | −0.10 | −0.37–0.17 |
| Time 1 Perceived Stress Scale with Time 2 Substance | 0.35 | 0.13–0.57** | 0.02 | 0.01–0.04** |
| Use | ||||
| Age | 0.10 | −0.15–0.34 | 0.01 | −0.01–0.03 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.01 | −0.23–0.25 | 0.01 | −0.27–0.29 |
| Income | −0.11 | −0.36–0.14 | −0.12 | −0.39–0.15 |
| Employment Status | −0.16 | −0.41–0.09 | −0.18 | −0.46–0.10 |
| Time 1 Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale with Time | 0.27 | 0.04–0.50* | 0.02 | 0.00–0.04* |
| 2 Substance Use | ||||
| Age | 0.10 | −0.15–0.35 | 0.01 | −0.01–0.03 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.04 | −0.21–0.28 | 0.04 | −0.24–0.33 |
| Income | −0.16 | −0.41–0.09 | −0.17 | −0.44–0.10 |
| Employment Status | −010 | −0.36–0.16 | −0.11 | −0.39–0.17 |
Standardised regression coefficients are reported for direct comparison of strength of relationship between the mental health variables and substances use. Unstandardised regression coefficients reflect the difference in number of substances used for each 1 unit increase in the scale score. Linear regression was used to determine the longitudinal associations while controlling for age, ethnicity, race, income and employment status.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.