TABLE 3.

Candidate blood-based marker classification according to AD pathology.

Category	Biomarker
Aβ pathology	Aβ40, Aβ42,Aβ42/Aβ40, APP/Aβ42, Aβ oligomers, Aβ secondary structure, Aβ misfolding, APP, A2M, ACE, NCAM, AHI1, APLP2, GSN, SAP, TTR APP metabolism: BACE1, ADAM10, PSEN1, cathepsin D
Tau markers	Tau, T-tau, T-tau/Aβ42, p-tau181, Alz-tau®, pSer312-IRS-1, pY-IRS-1
Neuroinflammation	IgM, IgM-1, VCAM-1, A1M, AHSG, PPC1I, TIMP1,MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, CRP, sFLT-1, sICAM-1, Tie-2, CD200, sCD40L, EOT1,EOT3, FB, FH, sCR1, LGALS3BP, OPN, TNC, CLEC1B, A1AT, B2M, FCN2 Cytokines: IL-1α, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-13, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, TNFα, OSM, IFN-α2 Chemokines: CXCL10, CXCL13, CCL11, CCL20, MCP-1 Complement: C3, aC3/nC3, C4, CFI Growth factors: TGF-β1, VEGF, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, bFGF, IGF-1, IGFBP-2
Neurodegeneration	CgA, BDNF, GFAP Neuronal injury: NF-L Synaptic dysfunction: Ng, SNAP-25, SYT, GAP43, VLDLR, SYNPO, NRGN, SYP
Lipid metabolism	APOE, apoA-I
Oxidative stress	ApoJ, Klotho, protein carbonyls, circulating-proteosome
Vascular dysregulation	FAC, FBC, uPA
Energy metabolic dysfunction	AMPKα1
α–synuclein pathology	α-syn/Aβ, α-syn/tau
Cholinergic dysfunction	AChE
Other	PPY, DYRK1A, AAT, ACT, KLK8, AGT, AXIN1, CDH5, HAGH, HCY, POSTN, PPP, ECH1, HOXB7, NHLRC2, FN1, ERBB2, SLC6A13, unfolded p53