TABLE 3.
Factors associated with uptake of COVID-19 vaccination (at least one dose) during the follow-up period (among participants who completed both surveys, n = 303).
| OR (95%CI) | P values | AOR (95%CI) | P values | |
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Sexual behaviors in the past 6 months | ||||
| Condomless anal intercourse with regular male sex partners | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.70 (1.01–2.87) | 0.048 | 1.56 (0.89–2.73) | 0.12 |
| Condomless anal intercourse with non-regular male sex partners | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.85 (0.43–1.71) | 0.65 | 0.74 (0.35–1.55) | 0.42 |
| Condomless anal intercourse with male sex workers | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.33 (0.04–2.86) | 0.32 | 0.42 (0.05–3.78) | 0.44 |
| Sexualized drug use | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.11 (0.55–2.23) | 0.77 | 1.13 (0.54–2.35) | 0.74 |
| COVID-19 preventive measures during sexual behaviors | ||||
| Only having sex with my partner who has had sex with me before | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 0.31 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 0.35 |
| Avoiding group sex | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.83 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.91 |
| Only having sex at home | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 0.50 | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.54 |
| Only having sex in other places rather than at home | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | 0.43 | 1.15 (0.94–1.40) | 0.18 |
| Asking your partner if they have COVID-19 symptoms | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 0.10 | 1.17 (1.00–1.38) | 0.046 |
| Avoiding kissing during sex | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.86 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.87 |
| Washing hands before and after sex | 1.20 (1.02–1.42) | 0.03 | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 0.02 |
| Sanitizing before and after sex | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 0.09 | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) | 0.048 |
| Perceptions related to COVID-19 | ||||
| The risk of COVID-19 transmission through sexual behavior is high | 1.26 (1.04–1.54) | 0.02 | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | 0.02 |
| The risk of COVID-19 transmission through other intimate behaviors (e.g., kissing, touching) is high | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 0.31 | 1.50 (0.79–2.86) | 0.21 |
| Asymptomatic patients have a high risk of transmitting COVID-19 | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 0.13 | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 0.37 |
| Your regular male sex partner would transmit COVID-19 to you | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 0.67 | 1.00 (0.61–1.63) | 0.99 |
| Your non-regular male sex partner would transmit COVID-19 to you | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.75 | 0.87 (0.53–1.44) | 0.59 |
| You concern about COVID-19 infection when taking up HIV testing | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 0.65 | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 0.71 |
| Psychological variables, mean (SD) | ||||
| Level of panic about COVID-19 | 1.42 (1.12–1.79) | 0.003 | 1.48 (1.16–1.89) | 0.002 |
| CESD-10 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.13 |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Service utilization in the past 6 months | ||||
| Any type of HIV testing | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.14 (0.70–1.85) | 0.60 | 1.13 (0.68–1.88) | 0.64 |
| Testing for STI | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.79 (1.06–3.00) | 0.03 | 2.19 (1.25–3.85) | 0.006 |
| Other HIV/STI prevention services1 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.46 (1.52–3.99) | <0.001 | 2.61 (1.56–4.37) | <0.001 |
| Experiences related to COVID-19 | ||||
| Friends/family members infected with COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.69 (0.11–27.25) | 0.71 | 1.92 (0.12–31.62) | 0.65 |
| History of COVID-19 infection | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 5.16 (0.53–50.16) | 0.16 | 12.85 (0.88–186.89) | 0.06 |
| Centralized/home quarantine | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.28 (0.71–2.31) | 0.41 | 1.18 (0.64–2.18) | 0.59 |
AOR, adjusted odds ratio, odds ratio obtained by adjusting for significant sociodemographic variables; CESD-10, 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, crude odds ratio; STI, sexually transmitted infection. The bold values are statistically significant with P < 0.05. 1Condom distribution, peer education, HIV/AIDS promotion leaflets and lectures, and HIV/AIDS prevention knowledge via the Internet or social media.