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. 2022 Mar 11;13:852297. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852297

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Copyright © 2022 Hirahara, Takase-Minegishi, Kirino, Iizuka-Iribe, Soejima, Yoshimi and Nakajima

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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M1 and M2 macrophages may be interchangeable. Monocytes (mono) treated in vitro with GM-CSF (M1g and M2g) or M-CSF (M1m and M2m) for 9 days developed an M1 or M2 macrophage-like phenotype (defined here as M1 or M2 stimulation). However, the M2 macrophages stimulated with “M2” or “M1” stimulation for another 9 days (the first M1 stimulus followed by M2 stimulus is defined as “M2g” and the second M1 stimulus followed by M2 stimulus is defined as “M1m”) maintained or decreased IL10 mRNA production. IL6 mRNA production was reduced by M2 stimulation of M1 macrophages. This figure is a modified version of Figure 4 a-e published in Nakano et al. (37). The figure is modified and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CCBY4.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This figure was partially created by BioRender.com.