Figure 3.

Kojic acid inhibits chitin synthesis and alters cell wall integrity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. (A) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of S. sclerotiorum cell wall after treatment with 10 mM KA (1.42 mg/ml KA). (B) Relative mRNA levels of chitin synthase genes CHS1, CHS2, and CHS3, and β-1,3-glucan synthase gene GSH, in S. sclerotiorum after treatment with 10 mM KA (each treatment mean represents the average of five repetitions). (C) Concentration of chitin, measured by the concentration of glucosamine after hydrolysis, in S. sclerotiorum cells after treatment with 10 mM KA (each treatment mean represents the average of three repetitions). Significance levels at ^*p < 0.05 and ^***p < 0.001. Bars represent the SD.