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. 2022 Mar 11;12:803082. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.803082

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Rong, Sun, Zou, Zhao and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in serum metabolites after LPS challenge in the TMAO-induced frailty model. (A) Average quantitative abundance of serum metabolites in the control, control + LPS, TMAO, and TMAO + LPS groups. (B) TMAO significantly induced imidazoles and carnitines. (C) The stress response to LPS significantly induced SCFAs, fatty acids, benzoic acids, and (D) differently altered peptides and phenylpropanoids. (E) Volcano map showing the differential metabolites identified by unidimensional statistical analysis. Metabolites colored blue (red) were reduced (increased) in the TMAO group compared to the control group. (F) Heatmap of the top 12 differently altered serum metabolites in individual mice, showing that the differences in the metabolite levels were associated with the experimental groups. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.005, Wilcoxon rank-sum test.