Table 1.

Known viral vectors used in the development of an ASF vaccine or as a carrier of ASF genes fragments.

Gene/protein	Vector	Challenge strain	Outcome	Citation
Baculovirus vectors
Protein p12	Acpl2 recombinant baculovirus	E70	Pigs immunized with purified recombinant Acpl2 did not develop protective immunity against African swine fever	Carrascosa et al. (30)
HA	HABv recombinant baculovirus	E75	Pigs immunized with the recombinant HABv were protected from lethal infection, they developed antibodies that inhibited HA and neutralized antibodies specific to the 75 kDa structural protein	Ruiz-Gonzalvo et al. (31)
Proteins p54, p30	Bacp54, Bacp30 with [35S]Met/Cys recombinant baculoviruses	E75L8	Pigs immunized with the recombinant p54 or p30 proteins elicited neutralizing antibodies that inhibited viral attachment. The immunized pigs were not protected from the lethal infection	Gómez-Puertas et al. (32)
Chimeric p54/30 Proteins	Bac54/30 recombinant baculovirus	E75	Pigs immunized with the chimeric protein survived after the lethal infection with the virulent ASFV. The immunized pigs exhibited showed neutralizing antibodies and an approximately two log reduction in maximum viremia titers compared to control pigs	Barderas et al. (33)
Proteins p30, p54, p72, and p22	pBlueBac III recombinant baculovirus	Pr4 isolate	Pigs immunized with the recombinant proteins developed neutralizing antibodies to the p30, p54, p72 and p22 proteins from of the ASF virus, but they were not protected against infection with the pathogenic strain	Neilan et al. (34)
Proteins p54, p30, secretory hemagglutinin sHA	BacMam-sHAPQ based on baculovirus vector	E75	4 out of 6 immunized pigs remained free from ASFV following after infection with the homologous virus, 2 pigs showed viremia titers similar to control animals. The levels of specific antibodies observed after ASFV experimental infection in sera from pigs immunized with BacMam-sHAPQ were indistinguishable from those found in control pigs	Argilaguet et al. (35)
Pox vaccinia virus vectors
Genes B646L (p72), E183L (p54), EP153L (C-type lectin), EP402R (CD2v), O61R (p12)	Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)	Not confirmed by experimental infection	Immunization with the selected antigens induced specific antibodies and a T-cell immune response following primary immunization of pigs	Lopera-Madrid et al. (36)
Genes B646L, EP153R, EP402R (CD2v)	MVA-ASFV recombinant construction	Not confirmed by experimental infection	Induction of a T-cell response against each of the antigens, but antigen-specific antibodies were not detected in the immunized pigs	Lopera-Madrid et al. (36)
Proteins p30 (RP- 30), p54 (RP-54), pHA-72 (RP-sHA- p72)	Alphavirus replicon particles (RPs)	Not confirmed by experimental infection	Alphavirus-expressed immunogenic proteins ASFV p30, p54, and p72 were tested as prime antigens in the attenuated live vaccine candidate virus prime booster approach, OURT88/3. A correlation was found between protein expression in vitro and immunogenicity in vivo. Antibodies induced by RP-30 alone were insufficient to neutralize viral infection in vitro, compared to infection with OURT88/3, which expresses additional viral neutralizing antigens such as p54 and p72	Murgia et al. (37)
Adenovirus vectors
Proteins p32, p54, pp62, p72	pAd/CMV/V5- DEST	Not confirmed by experimental infection	The multi-antigen Ad-ASFV was immunogenic and safe when given as a primary booster vaccination. It was found that a After primary vaccination there was is a rapid production of antibodies that recognized cells infected with the ASFV and the generation of antigen- specific IFN-γ and antigen-specific CTL responses were generated to all of four ASFV antigens	Lokhandwala et al. (38)
Genes A151R, B119L, B602L, EP402RΔPRR, B438L, K205R, A104R	pAd/CMV/V5- DEST	Not confirmed by experimental infection	Evaluation of the local response and systemic immunity to the introduction of a mixture of recombinant adenoviruses after priming and post-boosting in immunized animals showed that the immunogen was well tolerated and no serious negative effects were observed. The new cocktail of ASFV antigens with the AdV vector was able to safely induce high levels of antibodies and IFN-γ + cellular responses in pigs	Lokhandwala et al. (39)
Genes A151R, B119L, B602L, EP402RΔPRR, B438L, K205R- A104R, pp62, p72	Ad-ASFV + BioMize adjuvant	Georgia 2007/1	Induction of a high level of IgG was observed, but after infection the vaccinated pigs were sick in a more severe form compared to the controls	Lokhandwala et al. (40)
Proteins p32, p54, pp62, p72, p37-34- 14, p150-I, p150-II	Ad-ASFV + BioMize adjuvant	Georgia 2007/1	Induction of stronger humoral immunity was noted, but 8/10 of the vaccinated and 4/5 pigs in the control group died of the disease or reached the experimental endpoint 17 days after infection	Lokhandwala et al. (40)
	Ad-ASFV + ZTS-01 Adjuvant		Induction of weaker antibody responses was observed, but 4/9 of the vaccinated pigs died of the disease, while 5 survivors showed low clinical scores and no viremia during 17 days after challenge, whereaswhile 4/5 of the control animals died of the disease or reached the experimental endpoint
Genes I215R, I73R, CP530R (pp62), CP204L (p32), MGF110-5L, B646L (p72), MGF110-4L, M448R, L8L, E146L, C129R, A151R, MGF110-1L, L10L, K78R, E184L, E165R, CP312R	rAd + MVA	OUR T88/1	Proteins have been identified that can induce ASFV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in pigs. Pools of viral vectors expressing these genes did not protect animals from severe disease, but did reduce viremia in a proportion of pigs following ASFV challenge	Netherton et al. (41)
Genes B602L, B646L, CP204L, E183L, E199L, EP153R, F317L, MGF505-5R	rAd5 + MVA	OUR T88/1	Immunization with this pool of antigens protected 100% of pigs from lethal disease after infection with a usually lethal dose of virulent ASFV	Goatley et al. (42)
Protein p72	rNDV (??. MG7)	E70	Mice immunized with rNDV/p72 developed high titers of IgG antibodies specific to p72 fromof ASFV and had higher levels of IgG1 than IgG2a. Immunization also caused T-cell proliferation and the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4	Chen et al. (43)
Gene DP71L	pHR-SIN- CSGW	Malawi Lil-20/1, Benin 97/1	The DP71L gene did not increase the levels of eIF2α phosphorylation in vitro, which indicateds that DP71L was is not the only factor required by the virus to control the levels of eIF2α phosphorylation during infection	Zhang et al. (44)
Gene I329L	pHR-CMV- eGFP	Not confirmed by experimental infection	Outcomes indicated that ORF I329L can disrupt TLR3-controlled cellular responses that result in both IFN-β production and NFκB activation	De Oliveira et al. (45)
Proteins UBCv1, UBCv1mut	pLVX-Puro	Not confirmed by experimental infection	The results suggested that ASF UBCv1 manipulates the innate immune response directed toward the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways	Barrado-Gil et al. (46)
Genes SV40LT, pTERT	pLVSIN-EF1α neo	Experimental infection is not expected	The ability of a new cell line of immortalized porcine kidney macrophages (IPKM) against ASF infection was examined. It was summarized that IPKM can be a valuable tool for the isolation, replication and genetic manipulation of ASF in both basic and applied research	Masujin et al. (47)