Fig 1. The mediating effect of cognitive complaints on the relationship between childhood parental bonding and presenteeism in adult workers (N = 440).

D, direct effect; I, indirect effect; R², coefficient of determination. Relationships between childhood parental bonding, CCs, and presenteeism are demonstrated using path analyses. A) CCs fully mediated the impact of paternal care on presenteeism. B) CCs partially mediated the impact of paternal overprotection on presenteeism. C) CCs partially mediated the impact of maternal care on presenteeism. D) CCs partially mediated the impact of maternal overprotection on presenteeism. The numbers beside the arrows demonstrate the standardized path coefficients of total effects. The numbers below the total effect of parental bonding on presenteeism demonstrate the direct (D) and indirect (I) effects. The solid line demonstrates a significant direct effect, and the dotted line demonstrates a non-significant direct effect. Parental bonding demonstrates PBI sub-scores; CCs demonstrate COBRA total score; and presenteeism demonstrates WLQ work productivity loss score.