Fig 2. Senolytic activity of gingerenone A.

(A) WI-38 fibroblasts were rendered senescent by exposure to ionizing radiation (IR, 10 Gy) and cultured for an additional 10 days. Cells were then treated with the ginger components at 100 μM, with 6-shogaol at 3.6 μM, 8-shogaol at 33 μM and 6-gingerol at 20 μM for 72 h, and then cell survival was assessed by the MTT cell viability assay. Data represent the means and standard error from three biological replicates. (B) Dose-response effect of gingerenone A [2.5–100 μM] treatments for 72 h on senescent cell viability 10-days post-irradiation. (C) Gingerenone A was incubated with cells that were either proliferating (grey) or senescent (red) as explained in panel (A) for 48 h at 10 and 20 μM (*p = 0.04). Data represent the means and standard error from eight biological replicates.