TABLE 3.
Sex-based differences in intake frequencies of carbohydrate foods during training at low-to-moderate exercise intensities.
| CHO foods and forms | Female (n = 426) |
Male (n = 604) |
|||
| 50th centile | Mean (SD) | 50th centile | Mean (SD) | p-value, r | |
| Liquid form | |||||
| Sports drinks* | 2 | 2.30 ± 1.32 | 3 | 2.74 ± 1.30 | p < 0.001, r = 0.200 |
| Homemade sports drinks | 1 | 1.85 ± 1.16 | 1 | 1.82 ± 1.14 | p = 0.626, r = 0.016 |
| Sweetened beverages, saftschorle | 1 | 1.40 ± 0.76 | 1 | 1.40 ± 0.73 | p = 0.850, r = 0.005 |
| Coke, energy drinks | 1 | 1.22 ± 0.50 | 1 | 1.42 ± 0.74 | p < 0.001, r = 0.123 |
| Semi-solid form | |||||
| Gels* | 1 | 1.60 ± 0.89 | 2 | 1.99 ± 0.95 | p < 0.001, r = 0.251 |
| Fruit puree pouches | 1 | 1.31 ± 0.72 | 1 | 1.18 ± 0.52 | p = 0.002, r = 0.070 |
| Solid form | |||||
| Energy/carbohydrate bars* | 2 | 2.10 ± 1.13 | 2 | 2.18 ± 1.07 | p = 0.112, r = 0.056 |
| Muesli/fruit, or other energy bars | 2 | 2.40 ± 1.18 | 2 | 2.15 ± 1.10 | p < 0.001, r = 0.116 |
| Homemade sweet snacks (e.g., rice cakes) | 2 | 2.34 ± 1.16 | 2 | 2.09 ± 1.08 | p < 0.001, r = 0.116 |
| Sweet baked goods (e.g., muffins, cake) | 1 | 1.41 ± 0.70 | 1 | 1.49 ± 0.77 | p = 0.093, r = 0.051 |
| Bread/rolls/lye pastry, pure, or with spread | 1 | 1.62 ± 0.88 | 1 | 1.50 ± 0.80 | p = 0.034, r = 0.066 |
| Sandwiches | 1 | 1.32 ± 0.67 | 1 | 1.24 ± 0.56 | p = 0.037, r = 0.053 |
| Banana | 2 | 2.34 ± 1.19 | 2 | 2.22 ± 1.11 | p = 0.127, r = 0.054 |
| Dried fruits | 1 | 1.78 ± 1.01 | 1 | 1.39 ± 0.75 | p < 0.001, r = 0.212 |
| Sports nutrition confectionery (e.g., chews/gums)* | 1 | 1.36 ± 0.70 | 1 | 1.41 ± 0.71 | p = 0.131, r = 0.044 |
| Confectionery (e.g., jelly babies, chocolate) | 1 | 1.37 ± 0.66 | 1 | 1.41 ± 0.71 | p = 0.264, r = 0.033 |
CHO, carbohydrate. *Denotes commercially available sport nutrition products. Significant differences (p < 0.05) are given in bold. R effect sizes interpreted as = 0.10 (small effect), = 0.30 (medium effect), and = 0.50 (large effect).