TABLE 4.
Sex-based differences in intake frequencies of carbohydrate foods during training at high exercise intensities.
| CHO foods and forms | Female (n = 449) |
Male (n = 625) |
|||
| 50th centile | Mean (SD) | 50th centile | Mean (SD) | p-value, r | |
| Liquid form | |||||
| Sports drinks* | 3 | 3.08 ± 1.56 | 4 | 3.48 ± 1.44 | p < 0.001, r = 0.143 |
| Homemade sports drinks | 1 | 1.97 ± 1.31 | 1 | 1.90 ± 1.30 | p = 0.306, r = 0.033 |
| Sweetened beverages, saftschorle | 1 | 1.51 ± 0.88 | 1 | 1.43 ± 0.85 | p = 0.060, r = 0.053 |
| Coke, energy drinks | 1 | 1.44 ± 0.83 | 1 | 1.66 ± 1.00 | p < 0.001, r = 0.112 |
| Semi-solid form | |||||
| Gels* | 2 | 2.49 ± 1.42 | 3 | 3.01 ± 1.29 | p < 0.001, r = 0.211 |
| Fruit puree pouches | 1 | 1.29 ± 0.75 | 1 | 1.16 ± 0.56 | p < 0.001, r = 0.074 |
| Solid form | |||||
| Energy/carbohydrate bars* | 2 | 2.47 ± 1.34 | 2 | 2.41 ± 1.24 | p = 0.590, r = 0.019 |
| Muesli/fruit, or other energy bars | 2 | 2.32 ± 1.30 | 2 | 1.99 ± 1.16 | p < 0.001, r = 0.138 |
| Homemade sweet snacks (e.g., rice cakes) | 1 | 1.70 ± 0.99 | 1 | 1.41 ± 0.80 | p < 0.001, r = 0.157 |
| Sweet baked goods (e.g., muffins, cake) | 1 | 1.37 ± 0.74 | 1 | 1.35 ± 0.73 | p = 0.507, r = 0.018 |
| Bread/rolls/lye pastry, pure or with spread | 1 | 1.49 ± 0.86 | 1 | 1.27 ± 0.65 | p < 0.001, r = 0.128 |
| Sandwiches | 1 | 1.26 ± 0.65 | 1 | 1.16 ± 0.50 | p = 0.003, r = 0.063 |
| Banana | 2 | 2.26 ± 1.28 | 2 | 2.04 ± 1.21 | p = 0.007, r = 0.091 |
| Dried fruits | 1 | 1.72 ± 1.06 | 1 | 1.31 ± 0.74 | p < 0.001, r = 0.207 |
| Sports nutrition confectionery (e.g., chews/gums)* | 1 | 1.60 ± 1.03 | 1 | 1.51 ± 0.91 | p = 0.293, r = 0.031 |
| Confectionery (e.g., jelly babies, chocolate) | 1 | 1.42 ± 0.80 | 1 | 1.41 ± 0.81 | p = 0.978, r = 0.001 |
CHO, carbohydrate. *Denotes commercially available sport nutrition products. Significant differences (p < 0.05) are given in bold. R effect sizes interpreted as = 0.10 (small effect), = 0.30 (medium effect), and = 0.50 (large effect).