Table 2.

Abdominal values and percent changes.

Skin layer	Parameter	Anatomical region and tissue type	Instrument/method	Population size	Value at lowest BMI	Value at highest BMI	Relative % change (%)
Epidermis	Cell size	Abdominal keratinocytes48	Ki-67 immunostaining and microscopy	$n=50$, females	4.7	11.9	153
	Water	Abdominal epidermal hydration—inverted U69	Moisture meter SC	$n=89$, females	32.1	26	−19
	Lipids	Abdominal cholesterol48	Cholesterol E-test	$n=50$, females	2.4	1.4	−41.70
		Abdominal fatty acids48	NEFA C-test		3.8	1.95	−48.70
Dermis	Blood	SAT and visceral tissue capillary density100	Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and microscopy ($\text{lumens}/{\mathrm{mm}}^2$)	$n=17$	OW/OB: 94.27	MOB: 43.3	−54
	TEWL	Abdomen69	Tewameter TM300	$n=89$	6.4	7.9	23.44
	Collagen	Abdominal (epigastrium) 82	Image analyzer system (Kontron Electronic 300, Zeiss, Germany)	$n=80$	58.6	46.4	−21
Subcutis	Blood	Abdominal subcutaneous ATBF115	Xe-clearance	$n=24$	3.4	1.7	−50
	Water	Abdomen107	Dielectric constant	$n=27$	27.8	23.3	−16.20
	Melanin	Eumelanin—abdominal visceral adipose tissue measured as PTCA in $\mathrm{ng}/\mu \mathrm{L}$46	LC-UV-MS, immunohistochemical staining, and L-[U-14C] tyrosine assay	$n=10$	0.05	0.19	280
	Fat (lipids)	Abdominal subcutaneous fat (Kg) 106	Magnetic resonance imaging	$n=173$, males	2.08	4.26	104.80
	Collagen	Collagen V130	RT-PCR and IHC	$n=17$	10.9	18	65.10