Table 3.

Comparison of fetal growth and placental development in different paternal BMI groups.

Measurements		Paternal BMI (kg/m2)					P for trend b
		Group	Underweight (BMI < 18.5)	Normal (BMI = 18.5~23.9)	Overweight (BMI = 24.0~27.9)	Obesity (BMI ≥ 28)
Ultrasound measurements	BPD	Mean ± SD	93.04 ± 5.12	94.20 ± 3.73	94.59 ± 3.79	94.51 ± 3.62	<0.001*
		P a	0.019*	[reference]	0.002*	0.106
	FL	Mean ± SD	68.73 ± 4.05	69.45 ± 2.89	69.61 ± 2.99	69.72 ± 2.83	0.001*
		P a	0.011*	[reference]	0.108	0.07
	APAD	Mean ± SD	101.50 ± 7.50	103.81 ± 6.81	104.28 ± 6.97	104.14 ± 7.08	<0.001*
		P a	0.001*	[reference]	0.038*	0.362
	TAD	Mean ± SD	99.68 ± 7.28	101.42 ± 6.60	101.71 ± 6.77	102.04 ± 6.34	0.001*
		P a	0.007*	[reference]	0.191	0.069
	AC	Mean ± SD	316.86 ± 20.60	323.24 ± 17.70	324.44 ± 18.47	324.73 ± 18.21	<0.001*
		P a	0.002*	[reference]	0.044*	0.115
Placental measurements	Placental weight	Mean ± SD	564.68 ± 25.66	607.78 ± 34.33	616.42 ± 42.63	613.59 ± 36.17	<0.001*
		P a	<0.001*	[reference]	<0.001*	0.125
	Placental area	Mean ± SD	231.16 ± 15.87	241.76 ± 14.09	245.02 ± 16.12	242.76 ± 16.14	0.015*
		P a	0.025*	[reference]	0.045*	0.692
	Umbilical cord length	Mean ± SD	58.24 ± 7.27	59.88 ± 8.85	57.94 ± 6.28	63.61 ± 9.79	0.428
		P a	0.793	[reference]	0.236	0.332
Newborn measurements	Birthweight	Mean ± SD	3116.22 ± 441.712	3284.65 ± 407.59	3331.12 ± 422.06	3339.23 ± 429.72	<0.001*
		P a	<0.001*	[reference]	<0.001*	<0.001*
	Body length	Mean ± SD	49.29 ± 1.64	49.74 ± 1.48	49.83 ± 1.47	49.88 ± 1.51	0.747
		P a	<0.001*	[reference]	0.008*	0.014*

BMl, body mass index; BPD, biparietal diameter; FL, femoral length; TAD, transverse abdominal diameter; APAD, anteriorposterior abdominal diameter; AC, abdominal circumference

The data are presented as the mean values ± standard deviations.

^aThe p-values taken from independent samples t-test and the reference group in this analysis was normal BMI group.

^bP values for trend across categories of different paternal BMI.

*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.