Table 4.
Paternal BMI and the risk of SGA/macrosomia was analyzed by logistic regression, stratified by maternal BMI.
| Maternal BMI | Paternal BMI | Crude | Adjusted | P for Interaction c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Incidence (%) | OR (95% CI) a | P value | OR(95% CI) b | P value | |||
| SGA | Underweight | Underweight | 5.0 | 9.324 (4.766-18.238) | <0.001* | 9.435 (4.733-18.809) | <0.001* | <0.001 |
| Normal | 53.7 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 33.6 | 0.715 (0.382-1.338) | 0.294 | 0.708 (0.373-1.342) | 0.290 | |||
| Obesity | 7.7 | 0.834 (0.834-0.287) | 0.738 | 0.645 (0.211-1.975) | 0.443 | |||
| Normal | Underweight | 2.4 | 5.416 (2.931-10.007) | <0.001* | 4.962 (2.664-9.241) | <0.001* | ||
| Normal | 50.4 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 37.9 | 1.113 (0.760-1.626) | 0.584 | 1.128 (0.770-1.654) | 0.537 | |||
| Obesity | 9.3 | 3.781 (2.493-5.734) | <0.001* | 3.837 (2.517-5.850) | <0.001* | |||
| Overweight | Underweight | 1.3 | 23.357 (4.834-112.855) | <0.001* | 19.147 (3.518-104.211) | 0.001* | ||
| Normal | 41.7 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 42.9 | 1.637 (0.588-4.555) | 0.346 | 1.718 (0.610-4.837) | 0.306 | |||
| Obesity | 14.1 | 8.990 (3.424-23.602) | <0.001* | 8.861 (3.285-23.899) | <0.001* | |||
| Obesity | Underweight | 2.4 | 16.000 (0.791-323.701) | 0.071 | 14.445 (0.673-310.198) | 0.088 | ||
| Normal | 29.7 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 44.3 | 2.057 (0.208-20.371) | 0.537 | 1.938 (0.193-19.413) | 0.574 | |||
| Obesity | 23.6 | 4.000 (0.399-40.059) | 0.238 | 3.989 (0.395-40.241) | 0.241 | |||
| Macrosomia | Underweight | Underweight | 5.0 | 0 | 0.998 | 0 | 0.998 | 0.006 |
| Normal | 53.7 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 33.6 | 2.269 (0.714-7.209) | 0.165 | 3.294 (0.765-14.187) | 0.110 | |||
| Obesity | 7.7 | 2.827 (0.539-14.830) | 0.219 | 1.501 (0.131-17.208) | 0.744 | |||
| Normal | Underweight | 2.4 | 1.078 (0.388-2.996) | 0.886 | 0.847 (0.2201-3.573) | 0.821 | ||
| Normal | 50.4 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 37.9 | 1.618 (1.190-2.199) | 0.002* | 1.677 (1.157-2.433) | 0.006* | |||
| Obesity | 9.3 | 1.639 (1.018-2.639) | 0.042* | 1.749 (1.002-3.053) | 0.049* | |||
| Overweight | Underweight | 1.3 | 2.65 (0.247-17.256) | 0.503 | 0 | 0.999 | ||
| Normal | 41.7 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 42.9 | 2.385 (1.321-4.306) | 0.004* | 2.054 (1.046-4.034) | 0.037* | |||
| Obesity | 14.1 | 2.209 (1.020-4.780) | 0.044* | 2.314 (1.001-5.348) | 0.050* | |||
| Obesity | Underweight | 2.4 | 0 | 0.999 | 0 | 0.999 | ||
| Normal | 29.7 | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Overweight | 44.3 | 1.075 (0.330-3.507) | 0.905 | 1.211 (0.331-4.436) | 0.773 | |||
| Obesity | 23.6 | 3.185 (0.982-10.329) | 0.054 | 2.714 (0.704-10.460) | 0.147 | |||
BMl, body mass index; SGA, small for gestational age; OR, odds ratio;95% CI, 95% confidence interval of the estimated trend.
a
Univariate logistic regression compared with the referent (norma paternal BMI).
b
Estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Model for SGA adjusted for maternal BMI, preeclampsia, maternal age. Model for macrosomia adjusted for maternal BMI, GDM, maternal weight gain.
c
P values for Interaction showed the interaction effect of paternal obesity and maternal obesity on the risk of SGA/macrosomia.
*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.