TABLE 2.

List of plants studied for anti-dengue response based on ethnopharmacological use.

Sr. No	Plant/Common name/Family		Geographical location	Part Used	Studied Model, DENV Serotype	Optimum dosage	Mode of action	Used cell line/animal/human model	Citation
		Section1 : In vitro studies
1	Acacia catechu. (L.f.) Willd./Khair/Fabaceae		Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan	Dried powder of fruits	DENV 1–4	IC50 values 1.54 μg/ml and 0.18 μg/ml	Extract contains peptides, subdued DENV infection in the initial phase of infection via decrease foci formation and level of intracellular envelope proteins were also decreased in all serotypes of DENV.	Vero cells (kidney epithelial cells isolated from African green monkeys) and Huh7 cells (hepatocellular carcinoma cell line)	Panya et al. (2019); Panya et al. (2020)
							Most effective peptide (designated Pep-RTYM) interacted with DENV particles and inhibited cellular entry
2	Acorus calamus L./sweet flag, sway or calamus/Acoraceae		Europe, China, northern Asia Minor, Indonesia, southern Siberia, in southern Russia, Japan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Burma, as well as southern Canada and Northern United States	Roots	DENV2	Tatanan A, EC50 = 3.9 μM	Potentially affect DENV2, treatment constrained the initial steps of RNA synthesis as well as post translation modifications	Mosquito larva C6/36 cells were for DENV2 replication and Mouse kidney fibroblast cells (BHK-21)	Yao et al. (2018)
3	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees/Green chiretta/Acanthaceae		Widely cultivated in Southern and South eastern Asia, Malaysia	Methanolic extract	DENV 2,4	Andrographolide, the maximum non-toxic dose 15.62 μg/ml	—	C6/36 cell line for DENV replication	Kaushik et al. (2021)
4	Basilicum polystachyon L. Monecch/Musk Basil/Lamiaceae		Asia, Asterids, Africa, Borneo, Indochina Australia, India, China, Indian Ocean	Whole plant	DENV serotype not mentioned	IC50 = 1.4 ± 2/1 μM	—	Vero cells (African green monkey kidney)	Tan et al. (2019)
5	Cissampelos pareira L./Velvet leaf/Menispermaceae		Western and Eastern Cape Provinces Sandy slopes and scrub of the Northern, northwards into Namibia	Aerial parts	DENV-1–4	IC50 values 100, 125, 78, and 100 μg/ml, respectively	It obsessed the efficiency to downregulate the synthesis of TNF-α, a type of cytokine allied with acute dengue disease	Mosquito cell line C6/36 and monkey kidney cell lines LLCMK2	Sood et al. (2015)
6	Curcuma longa L./Turmeric/Zingiberaceae		Originate from South or Southeast Asia, most probably from Vietnam, western India, or China	Not mentioned	DENV-2	IC50 = 17,91 μg/ml CC50 = 85,4 μg/ml	-	Huh7it-1 cells	Ichsyani et al. (2017)
7	Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf/Lemongrass/Gramineae		Indigenous to Sri Lanka and South India, recently cultivated in the tropical areas of Asia and America	Not mentioned	DENV-2	CC50 = 183.74 and EC50 = 29.37 μg/ml	After treatment viral replication inhibition increased	Antiviral activity in Huh7it-1 cell lines infected by DENV	Rosmalena et al. (2019)
8	Doratoxylon apetalum (Poir.) Radlk./Sapindaceae		Native to Mascarene Islands	Aerial parts	DENV1–4	IC50 = 96.35, 16.75, 25.90, and 23.30 μg/ml for DENV1–4 individually	Extract-mediated DENV inhibition is allied to an erosion of infectivity	Human lung epithelial A549 cells, Vero cells, and human-derived Huh-7 hepatoma cells	Haddad et al. (2019)
9	Ficus septica Burm.f./Hauli tree/Moraceae		Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Taiwan	Stem fruit, heartwood, and leaves	DENV-1 and DENV-2	IC50 = 3.05–>100 μg/ml	—	DENV-1 766733A and DENV-2 PL046 (GenBank accession no. AJ968413.1)	Huang et al. (2017)
10	Oldenlandia uniflora L./Geta Kola/Rubiaceae		Mostly found in Sri Lanka	Leaves, stems, and roots	DENV-2 NS2B-NS3pro	IC50 ≤ 100 μg/ml	—	Dengue NS2B-NS3pro	Rothan et al. (2014)
11	Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker/krachai Dam/Zingiberaceae		—	Leaves and stems	DENV-2	—	-—	—	Umesh Kanna and Krishnakumar (2019)
12	Nephelium lappaceum L./Rambutan/Sapindaceae		Southeast Asian native to the Malaysian–Indonesian region	Rind	DENV-2	IC50 = 1.75 μM	Restricts early phases of cell and virus interaction via inhibiting the attachment of virus with the binding of E-DIII protein	African Green Monkey kidney cells (Vero)	Abdul Ahmad et al. (2017)
13	Ocimum tenuiflorum L./Tulsi, basil/Lamiaceae		Indigenous to Iran and India and currently cultivated in France, Egypt, Italy, Hungary, Morocco, and United States.	Whole aerial body	DENV-1	Maximum non-toxic dose: 23.44 μg/ml	O. sanctum unveiled antiviral efficacy for DENV-1 via inhibiting CPE formation and multiplication of virus	HepG2 cells	Ling et al. (2014)
14	Pavetta canescens DC./Papari/Rubiaceae		E. Asia—India, Sri Lanka, and Philippines	Leaves	DENV-2	Least LC50 and LC90 values (5.968 and 7.493 μg/ml)	—	Monolayer culture of C6/C36 mosquito cell line	Pratheeba et al. (2019)
15	Psidium guajava L./Common guava/Myrtaceae		Native to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	Bark	DENV-2	Catechin, CC50 = 1,000.0; μg/ml EC50 = 7.8	—	Epithelial VERO cells and C6/36HT cells (from Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae)	Trujillo-Correa et al. (2019)
16	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill./Magnolia-vine, Chinese magnolia-vine/Schisandraceae		Indigenous to forests of Northern China and the Russian Far East and Korea	—	DENV-1, 2, 3, and 4	Schisandrin A, EC50 = 28.1 ± 0.42 μM	Isolated bioactive compound, restricted RNA replication and translation as well as ominously raised DENV-reduced IFN-α gene expression	DENV-infected Huh-7 cells	Yu et al. (2017)
17	Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K. Schum./Bingi Papadi/Rubiaceae		Southern part of India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia	Leaves	DENV serotype not mentioned	Tetracontane, LC50 and LC90 values (1.288 and 1.992 μg/ml)	—	Monolayer culture of C6/C36 mosquito cell line	Pratheeba et al. (2019)
18	Zostera marina L./Eagrass or eelgrass/Zosteraceae		Northern Hemisphere as well as Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, and southern Africa	Designed and provided by CernoFina, LLC (Portland, ME)	DENV-1–4	ZA, IC50 = 2.3 mM	—	Monkey kidney cell line LLCMK-2	Rees et al. (2008)
		Section 2: In vitro gene or protein expression studies
19	Allium sativum L./Garlic/Liliaceae		United States and Canada	Purchased organosulfur garlic compounds	DENV-2	—	Addition of Allium sativum compounds abridged the level of different pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10 as well as iNOS (nitric oxide synthase)	Cell lines Huh-7 and U937	Hall et al. (2017)
20	Garcinia × mangostana L./Purple mangosteen/Clusiaceae		Native to island nations of Southeast Asia and Thailand	Pericarp	DENV-1–4	α-Mangostin, 20 μM	Remarkably reduced transcription of IL-6, TNF-α (cytokine), IP-10, RANTES, and MIP-1β (chemokine)	Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), (Huh-7) and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells	Tarasuk et al. (2017)
21	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill/Magnolia-vine, Chinese magnolia-vine, schisandra/Schisandraceae		—	Purchased compounds	DENV-1–4	Schisandrin A	Inductive efficacy of antiviral IFN-I exerts gene expression	DENV-infected Huh-7 cells	Yu et al. (2017)
22	Lonicera japonica Thunb./Japanese honeysuckle/Caprifoliaceae		Native to eastern Asia	Flower buds	DENV-2	—	Subdue DENV2 multiplication via luciferase-reporter activity and diminishes NS1 RNA prevention level and treatment occur via instigation of the distinctive miRNA let-7a	Human hepatoma, baby hamster kidney (BHK-21 and Aedes albopictus cells C6/36)	Lee et al. (2017)
23	Carica papaya L./Pawpaw/Caricaceae		Native to the tropics of the Americas but now is widely cultivated in other tropical regions	Leaves	NM	—	Level of NS1 and envelope protein decreased in the THP-1 cells, erythrocyte damage also declines	DENV-infected THP-1 cells	Sharma et al. (2019)
24	Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas/Norantea/Marcgraviaceae		Vine native to Brazil	Leaves	DENV-2	—	Downregulated IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-α secretion, cellular antigenic viral load, and secreted NS1 protein reduction	Buffy coat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes	Fialho et al. (2017)
		Section3: Clinical studies based on animal model
25	Carica papaya L./pawpaw/Caricaceae		Native to the tropics of the Americas but now is widely cultivated in other tropical regions	Leaves	—	—	Upsurge in cytokines of plasma in DENV infested AG129 mice with the dosage of freeze-dried 500 and 1,000 mg/kg	AG129 mice infected with DEN-2	Norahmad et al. (2019)
26	Cissampelos pareira L./Abuta, ice vine/Menispermaceae		Tamilnadu, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, west Bengal, Nagpur, Punjab, and Rajasthan	Aerial parts	DENV-1–4	Doses as high as 2 g/kg body weight for up to 1 week	—	AG129 mouse model	Sood et al. (2015)
27	Lonicera japonica Thunb./Japanese honeysuckle/Caprifoliaceae		Native to eastern Asia	Flower buds	DENV-2	Honeysuckle (40 μl)	Up to 30% virus reduction was observed via suppression of DENV2 replication as well as viral titer	C57/B6 and ICR suckling mouse models	Lee et al. (2017)
		Section 4: Clinical studies based on human model
28	Euphorbia hirta L./Asthma Weed, Cats hair/Euphorbiaceae		Warmer regions of India and Australia	Plant parts not specifically mentioned–herbal water	DENV serotype not mentioned	—	Leukocyte count ominously improved from 4,000 to 11,000 mm3 in both female and male patients	—	Mir et al. (2012)
29	Lonicera japonica Thunb./Japanese honeysuckle/Caprifoliaceae		Native to eastern Asia	Flower buds	DENV-2	—	Upregulated miRNAs–let-7a showed highest expression level	—	Lee et al. (2017)
30	Boerhavia diffusa L./Tarvine/Nyctaginaceae		India, Australia, Sudan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Brazil, and the southern United States	Stem	DENV serotype not mentioned	Stems of Boerhavia diffusa L. (10 g)	Lowers body temperature and increases platelet counts more than 85,000. Again, after 24 h, they have normal platelet count and no symptoms of dengue	—	Bharati and Sinha (2012)
		Section 5: In silico molecular docking studies
31	Nephelium lappaceum L./Rambutan/Sapindaceae		Southeast Asian native to the Malaysian–Indonesian region	Rind	DENV-2	—	Geraniin binds with DENV E, specifically at DIII region	—	Abdul Ahmad et al. (2017)
32	Glycyrrhiza glabra L./Licorice/Fabaceae		England, Iran, Spain, Iraq, Sicily, and Russia	Not specifically mentioned –	—	—	Polyphenolic compounds, chalcones, flavonoids and some phenolics were strong docking ligands for target of dengue virus protein	—	Powers and Setzer (2016)
33	Psidium guajava L./Common guava/Myrtaceae		Native to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	Bark	DENV-2	Catechin, CC50 = 1,000.0; μg/ml EC50 = 7.8	Interactions of isolated compounds with the viral envelope protein in silico by docking, only naringin and hesperidin had better scores than the theoretical threshold of −7.0 kcal/mol (−8.0 kcal/mol and −8.2 kcal/mol, respectively)	—	Trujillo-Correa et al. (2019)