Table 1.
Kinases regulating β-catenin activity.
| Sites | Kinases | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| S29, T102 | CK2 | Degradation, interaction with α-catenin. | (176, 178) |
| Y30 | JAK3 | Interaction with α-catenin. | (148) |
| S33, S37, T41 | GSK3β, NEK2 | Degradation, contributes to mitosis. | (24, 36, 38, 81) |
| S45 | CK1α, PKA, PKCζ | Degradation, regulation of phosphorylation. | (36, 115, 122, 123) |
| Y64 | JAK3, PTK6 | Inhibits function in the nucleus, interaction with α-catenin. | (148, 167) |
| Y86 | BCR-ABL, JAK3, SRC | Increases the cytosolic and nuclear accumulation, interaction with α-catenin. | (148, 165, 168, 169) |
| T112 | CK2, PKD1 | Degradation, interaction with α-catenin, inhibits the nuclear localization. | (178, 182) |
| T120 | PKD1 | Interaction with α-catenin, inhibits the nuclear localization | (182, 183) |
| Y142 | PTK6, FYN, FER, FGFR2, FGFR3, EGFR, TRKA | Inhibits function in the nucleus, dissociation from adherence junctions, cytoplasmic accumulation. | (25, 35, 37, 132, 167) |
| S191 | JNK2 | Nuclear translocation. | (151, 152) |
| Y331, Y333 | PTK6 | Inhibits function in nucleus. | (167) |
| T393 | CK2 | Stabilization, enhances contributions in transcriptional regulations | (176) |
| S552 | PKA, AKT | Inhibits ubiquitination, stabilization, transcriptional regulation, and promoting tumor cell invasion. | (124, 126, 127) |
| S605 | JNK2, p38γ | Nuclear translocation. | (131, 151, 152) |
| Y654 | MET, EGFR, SRC, BCR-ABL | Dissociation from the E-cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin complex, nuclear translocation. | (128, 135, 164, 168, 169) |
| Y670 | MET | Nuclear translocation. | (135) |
| S675 | PAK1, PAK4, MEKK2, PKA | Stabilization, inhibits ubiquitination, contributes to TCF/LEF transactivation. | (123, 124, 129, 159, 160) |
| S715 | PKCδ | Facilitate interaction with TRIM33 and degradation. | (101) |
| S718 | PLK1 | Regulation of centrosomes in M phase | (86) |