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. 2022 Mar 14;13:840610. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840610

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Copyright © 2022 Wik and Skålhegg

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) infection results in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Macrophages (Mø) are unable to clear MT infection, resulting in granuloma formation. MT induces expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which catabolized tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), which binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in CD4+ T cells, coupled with secretion of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) that binds to the TGF-β receptor (TGF-βR). Together this results in upregulation of FOXP3 and Treg differentiation, characterized by suppression of CD4+ T cell glycolysis (Glc) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion. Figure was created using assets from Servier Medical Art, licensed under a Creative Common Attribution 3.0 Generic License. (http://smart.servier.com/).