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. 2022 Mar 14;10:847908. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847908

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Copyright © 2022 Bouhouche, Valentine, Le Borgne, Lemullois, Yano, Lodh, Nabi, Tassin and Van Houten.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) An image based on the sketch of the stages of the avoiding reaction drawn by Jennings (Jennings, 1906). Anterior mechanical stimulation by a cell swimming into an object leads to depolarization, opening of the Ca_V channels of the cilia, movement of the cell backward for a short time, twirling in place, and forward movement in a new direction. From Eckert (Eckert, 1972). (B) Scanning electron micrograph image of Paramecium showing metachronal waves of cilia (Courtesy of M. S. Valentine.).