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. 2022 Mar 14;12:846917. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846917

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Copyright © 2022 Sheth and Esfandiari

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the five-step metastatic cascade involving local invasion, intravasation into surrounding vasculature, circulation, extravasation, and finally colonization in a secondary location. Also shown is the formation of a pre-metastatic niche that supports the survival of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) into a successful metastasis. Exosomes, a subpopulation of EVs play a primary role in carrying information from the primary site to the secondary site or site of metastasis, especially to form the pre-metastatic niche.