Table 5.

Comparison of the proposed method with other machine learning approaches for detection and classification of keratoconus including forme fruste or mild cases of keratoconus.

Authors	Classification	Network	Accuracy
Proposed	Normal, mild keratoconus, and keratoconus	CNN	95.9
Toutounchian et al.	Normal, mild keratoconus, and keratoconus	MLP	77.6
		SVM	72
		DT	84
		RBFNN	71.2
Arbelaez et al.	Normal, abnormal, subclinical, and keratoconus	SVM	95.275
Hidalgo et al.	Astigmatism, forme fruste keratoconus, keratoconus, normal, and postrefractive surgery	SVM	88.8
Lavric et al.	Keratoconus, forme fruste keratoconus, and normal	QSVM	93
Kamiya et al.	Normal and keratoconus 4 gradings	ResNet-18	99.1
Shi et al.	Normal, keratoconus, and subclinical	NN	93