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. 2022 Mar 30:1–28. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s13132-022-01017-7

Table 2.

Self-assessment survey results (Kouzes & Posner, 2003)

5LPI Questions Average scores*
Model the way 4.4
I always build consensus around a common set of value for running our organization 4.42
I always set personal example of what he/she expects of others 4.38
Inspire a shared vision 3.90
I always speak with genuine conviction about the higher meaning and purpose of our work 4.16
I always appeal to others to share an exciting dream of the future 3.43
I always show others how their long-term interests can be realized by enlisting in a common vision 3.49
I always describe a compelling image of what our future could be like 4.12
I always talk about future trends that will influence how our work gets done 4.29
Challenge the process 4.16
I always make certain that we set achievable goals, make concrete plans, and establish measurable milestones for the projects and programs we work on 4.13
I always seek out challenging opportunities that test his/her own skills and abilities 4.00
I always conduct experiment and takes risks, even when there is a chance of failure 4.14
I always challenge people to try out new and innovative ways to do their work 4.14
I always search outside the formal boundaries of his/her organization for innovative ways to improve what we do 4.14
I always ask “What can we learn?” when things don’t go as expected 4.43
Enable others to act 4.48
I always develop cooperative relationships among the people who I work with 4.29
I always listen carefully and appreciate diverse points of view 4.86
I always treat others with dignity and respect 4.86
I always give people a great deal of freedom and choice in deciding how to do their work 4.43
I always support the decision that my colleagues and subordinates make on their own 4.14
I always ensure that people grow in their jobs by learning new skills and developing themselves 4.29
Encourage the heart 4.17
I always make it a point to let people know about his/her confidence in their ability 4.29
I always publicly recognize people who exemplify commitment to shared values 4.00
I always find ways to celebrate accomplishments 4.00
I always give the members of the team lots of appreciation and support for their contributions 4.43
I always praise people for a job well done 4.43
I always make sure that people are creatively rewarded for their contributions to the success of projects 3.86

1 is strongly disagree and 5 is strongly agree