TABLE 2.
Examples of tissue-on-a-chip models of musculoskeletal tissues and organs.
| Organ/tissue represented | Disease/disorder or application | Treatment tested | Cell type used | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuromuscular Junction | Motor neuron disease (MND) | — | Human embryonic stem cells (hESC), human iPSC-derived MNs (ESCs and iPSCs as healthy control), or human iPSC-derived MNs from patients with NMD, in combination with human iPSC derived skeletal muscle cells | Osaki et al. 2020 |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Myasthenia gravis | — | Human primary fibroblasts, human PSC motor neurons | Afshar Bakooshli et al. 2019 |
| Muscle | Acute oxidative injury and cancer cahexia | — | Human MSCs (Lonza), human skeletal myoblasts (hSKMB; Lonza) A549 lung adenocarcinoma spheroids, human lung fibroblasts, THP-1-derived macrophages | Mondrinos et al. 2021 |
| Skeletal muscle | Oxygen deficits in skeletal muscle during exercise | — | Primary human myoblasts | Davis et al. 2019 |
| Skeletal muscle | Hypertrophy | — | Primary human myoblasts | Khodabukus et al. 2019 |
| Skeletal and smooth muscle | Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) | — | Healthy & DMD derived human muscle myoblasts | Nesmith et al. 2016 |
| Skeletal muscle | — | Biohybrid valveless pump-bot powered by “living” engineered skeletal muscle | C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts | Li et al. 2019 |
| Skeletal muscle | Screening platform and in vitro muscle injury model | Cardiotoxin | C2C12 mouse murine myoblast cell line | Agrawal et al. 2017 |
| Cartilage and bone junction | Osteoarthritis | Celecoxib | iPSC-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (iMPCs) | Lin et al. 2019 |
| Articular cartilage | Osteoarthritis | Triamcinolone steroid treatment | Primary equine chondrocytes | Rosser et al. 2019 |
| Articular cartilage | Osteoarthritis | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and rapamycin | Primary human articular chondrocytes (hACs) | Occhetta et al. 2019 |
| Articular joint | Osteoarthritis | RS-504393 (CCR2 antagonist) and Cenicriviroc (CCR2/CCR5 antagonist) | Primary synovial fibroblasts, articular chondrocytes, GFP-HUVECs, PBMC derived monocytes, patient synovial fluid | Mondadori et al. 2021 |
| Bone marrow niche | Interaction of infused HSPC, lymphoma and leukemic cells | — | Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC), Stro-1+ MSC | Aleman et al. 2019 |
| Hematopoietic microenvironment | — | — | HUVECs, Stromal fibroblast cell lines (HS5-GFP & HS27a-GFP), Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) | Kotha et al. 2018 |
| Bone perivascular niche | Breast cancer cell colonization into bone | Endothelial cells, bone marrow MSCs and MDA-MB-231/GFP or MDA-MB-231/Luc cells | Marturano-Kruik et al. 2018 | |
| Bone marrow | Model of hematopoietic response to drug exposure, ionizing radiation, and genetic mutation | — | Human CD34 cells, patient derived Bone marrow stromal cells, primary human-derived bone marrow mononuclear cells | Chou et al. 2020 |
| Bone | Breast cancer | — | Murine calvaria preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231GFP and its metastatic suppressed variant MDA-MB-231 GFP | Hao et al. 2018 |