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. 2022 Mar 14;13:765317. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.765317

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Copyright © 2022 Taki, Watanabe, Sato’o, Tan, Ono, Kiga, Aiba, Sasahara, Azam, Thitiananpakorn, Veeranarayanan, Li, Zhang, Kawaguchi, Hossain, Maniruzzaman, Hu and Cui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Phylogenetic relationships among the S. aureus strains isolated from non-menstrual toxic shock syndrome (non-mTSS) patients (underlined) and patients who did not develop TSS (non-underlined). The consensus parsimony tree was constructed based on bead on SNPs determined by kSNP 3.1.2. Clonal complex (CC) types of the strains are presented in parentheses. (B) The amount of TSST-1 produced in S. aureus strains isolated from non-mTSS patients (TSS bar) or patients who did not develop non-mTSS when cultured in either brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (white bar) or BHI broth supplemented with human serum (black bar). The amount of TSST-1 produced was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and is shown as means ± standard deviation. The level of significance, calculated by Student’s t-test, is denoted by asterisks (*, **, and *** indicate p-values of < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively). Light gray bars denote CC types. The experiment was carried out 11 times in CC-5 strains and 4 times in CC-8 and CC-30 strains.