Fig. 3. Illustration of the nucleus morphological features measured in this study.

a Nucleus shape-related features: A, from the nucleus contour line (green), we obtained the nucleus area, perimeter, and roundness (4*π*Area/Perimeter²); B, long- and short-axis length and ratio (another measure of roundness); C, solidity (area/bounding-box size); D, orientation (angle between the long axis and horizontal axis); E, average radius. b Nuclear texture-related features (second angular moment, homogeneity, entropy, etc.) that indicate the texture of chromatin measured using the gray level co-occurrence matrix method with Haralick texture features, from which our cell feature level co-occurrence matrix features are derived.