Fig. 4.

Mechanical forces and organoids formation. Schematic representation of the involvement of different mechanical and physical forces (shear stress, tension, compression, hydrostatic pressure) and environmental properties (stiffness and elasticity) in the main steps of organoids formation: a Stem cells are included in an environment characterized by specific chemical and structural components; b Different mechanical forces and environmental properties influence stem cells specification and c 3D self-organization; d All these forces and properties guide the maturation of organoids and e lead to the formation of specific organoids type