Table 2C.

A review of preclinical studies of GLP-1 and GLP-1RAs in stroke.

References	Substance	Stroke model	Occlusion time (min)	Species	Timing of administration		Comorbidity	Main outcomes
					Pre-ischemia	Post-ischemia
Zhang et al. (97)	Exendin-4	tMCAO	90	Mice	1 w, q d, i.n./i.p.	–	–	Infarct volume↓, neurological deficit↓, cAMP/PKA/p-CREB↑, PI3K/p-Akt↑, caspase-3↓, neuroprotection of intranasal Ex-4 depended on activation of GLP-1R.
Kuroki (98)	Exendin-4	tMCAO	60	Mice	–	60 min, i.p.	Hyperglycemia	Infarct volume↓, edema volume↓, neurological deficit↓, survival rate↑, MMP-9↓, BBB permeability↓, Iba-1↓, neutrophil infiltration↓, TNF-α↓, oxidative stress markers (DNP↓).
Li et al. (99)	Exendin-4/	tMCAO	60	Mice	–	Onset/3/6/12 h,i.p.	Diabetic	Ex-4: Oxidative stress markers (ROS↓, ICAM-1↓, MDA↓ DHE↓), edema volume↓, cerebral microcirculation↑, apoptosis markers (TUNEL↓, caspase-3↓), MnSOD↓, PARP↓,p eNOS↑, Bax/Bcl-2↓, NF-κB p50 and p65↓, p-Akt↑, voiding impairments↓, cognition deficit↓.
	Liraglutide				–	Onset/3/6/12h,i.p.		Lir: Oxidative stress markers (ROS↓, ICAM-1↓, MDA↓ DHE↓), edema volume↓, cerebral microcirculation↑, apoptosis markers (TUNEL↓, caspase-3↓), MnSOD↓, PARP↓,p eNOS↑, Bax/Bcl-2↓, NF-κB p50 and p65↓, p-Akt↑, voiding impairments↓, cognition deficit↓.
Chen et al. (71)	Exendin-4	tMCAO	45	Mice	–	Onset, i.v.	Hemorrhagic transformation	Infarct volume↓, neurological deficit↓, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β↓, claudin-3↑, p-β-catenin/β-catenin↓, TNF-α↓, claudin-5↑, ICAM-1↓, IL-1β↓, IKK-β↓, VCAM-1↓, 8-OHdG↓, HHE↓, MPO↓, Iba1+/TNF-α↓, NF-κB↓.