Table 1.

Overview of synthetic methods, morphology, chiroptical properties, and applications of chiral carbon dots

Chiral precursor	Other precursors	Synthetic method	Solvent	EM nm	Size nm	CPL/TPA	Application	Ref.
L-ascorbic acid	Copper (II) acetate	Heating	Water				Enantioselective sensing of ascorbic acid	195
L-aspartic acid	Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Water + NaOH	420	8		Enantioselective sensing of Sn2+ ions and L-lysine	149
Cellulose nanocrystals	Ethylene diamine	Heating	Water + boric acid	460	2–3	CPL		63
Cellulose nanocrystals	Carbon dots	NHS/EDC coupling	Water	420 550 650	6–12	CPL		64
L-/D-cysteine		Hydrothermal	Water + NaOH	460	4–5		Enantioselective sensing of L-/D-tartaric acid	69
L-/D-cysteine		Hydrothermal	Water + NaOH	460	4–5		Chiral self-assembly of porphyrins	141
L-/D-cysteine		Heating	Water	500			Enantioselective topological rearrangement of DNA	61
L-/D-cysteine		Heating	Water + NaOH	510	5–7		Enantioselective cell glycolysis catalysis	140
L-/D-cysteine		Electrochemical	Water + NaOH	485	4–5		Enantioselective laccase catalysis	135
L-/D-cysteine	Graphene quantum dots	NHS/EDC coupling	Water	520–550	2–7	CPL = 0		53
L-/D-cysteine	Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Water	418	2–6	TPA	Ink	55,138
L-/D-cysteine	Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Water	440	4–8		Mung bean growth catalysis	139
L-cysteine	Citric acid	Heating	Water	420	9		Imaging of Golgi apparatus	142
L-/D-cysteine	Citric acid	Microwave	Water	420	12		Enantioselective inhibition of bacterial growth	57
L-/D-cysteine	Citric acid + urea	Hydrothermal	Water	450	5	TPA		62
L-cysteine	Citric acid + EDA	Heating	Water	445	10		Enantioselective sensing of L-lysine	182
L-cysteine	p-Benzoquinone	Microwave	Ethanol	550	3		Moisture sensing	148
L-/D-cysteine	Copper (II) acetate	Heating	Water	450–520	6			95
L-/D-glutamine	Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Water	450	3–4		Sensing of Fe3+ ions	183
L-glutathione	Ethylene diamine	Hydrothermal	Water	390	2.5		Sensing of arginine	143
L-/D-glutamic acid		Electrochemical	Water + NaOH	405	3–7		Enantioselective inhibition of maltase activity	68
L-/D-glutamic acid L-methionine		Microwave	Water + NaOH	445				151
L-/D-glucose	Monosodium phosphate	Microwave	Water	450	3–7		Enantioselective sensing of L-/D-pencillamine	71
Guanosine 5’-monophosphate		Microwave	Water	430–460	5			52
L-/D-lysine	Jeffamine® ED-900	Hydrothermal	Ethylene glycol	450	2–3		Enantioselective inhibition of Aβ42 assembly	144
L-/D-lysine	Jeffamine® ED-900	Heating	Ethylene glycol	450	4		Enantioselective inhibition of prion peptide fibril assembly	145
L-/D-methionine D-glucose D-glucosamine L-aspartic acid L-alanine		Heating	No solvent	400–450	2–5		Interaction with Azobenzene	150
(R)/(S)-2-phenyl-1-propanol	Graphene quantum dots	Heating	No solvent	520	22			54
D-proline	Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Water	420	6		Enantioselective direct aldol reaction catalysis	152
(+)/(−)-sparteine	Sucrose	Microwave	Water	450–600	14		Enantioselective sensing of L-/D-cysteine and L-/D-proline	146
(R,R)/(S,S)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine	Arginine	Microwave	Water	425	3	CPL=0		58
D/L-tartaric acid + L/D-penicillamine		Heating	No solvent	441	2–5			153
L-/D-tartaric acid	Graphene quantum dots	Electrodeposition	Water		2.5		Enantioselective sensing of L-/D-tryptophan	70
L-/D-tryptophan		Hydrothermal	Water + NaOH	476	4			56
L-/D-tryptophan	o-Phenylenediamine	Solvothermal	Ethanol + HCL Water Water + H2SO4	450 560 610	2.5 3.0 4.5	CPL		59
L-/D-tyrosine	Citric acid	Heating	Water	450	3–7		Enantioselective glucose oxidase catalysis	60
L-/D-pencillamine	Citric acid	Heating	Water	440	1–4		Imaging of Golgi apparatus	187
L-/D-phenylalanine L-/D-cysteine L-/D-histidine L-/D-proline L-/D-tryptophan L-/D-alanine L-/D-proline methyl ester	Sucrose	Microwave + NHS/EDC coupling	Water	480	8–14			147

EM emission peak, CPL circular polarized light, TPA two-photon absorption