Table 3.
Gallium containing calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics.
| Production Method | Composition/Phase (% mol) | Investigated Properties | Features | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Precipitation method | Hydroxyapatite (Ga2O3 up to 11.0 mass %) | Characterization of ceramic by SEM, EDX, TG, DTA, XRD, and thermomechanical properties. | Ga does not cause changes in the crystal structure of HA. | [127] |
| Precipitation method | Hydroxyapatite (molar ratio Ga/Ca) equal to 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1) | Characterization of ceramic by XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, TG. Chemical composition and ion release behavior measured by ICP-OES. Cell viability assay using adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs). Determination of the antibacterial activity of the scaffold against S. Aureus, P. Aeruguinosa, E. Coli, and C. Albicans. | Enhanced the antibacterial activity and osteoblast differentiation. | [128] |
| Precipitation method | Hydroxyapatite | In vivo biocompatibility study using albino Wistar male rats. | Improved the repair of bone defects. | [129] |
| Precipitation method and solid-state reaction | Hydroxyapatite (Ga content up to 0.35 mass%) | Characterization of ceramic by TEM, ICP-OES, XRD, FTIR, and NMR. Cell viability assay using BALB/c 3T3 cells. Antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas fluorescens. | Ga affected the crystal structure of HA. Showed antibacterial effect against P. fluorescens. | [136] |
| Solid-state reaction | Calcium Phosphate Cement, Ca10.5-1.5xGax(PO4)7 | Characterization of ceramic by NMR, XRD, SEM. In-vivo sheep study. | Injectable. Increased new bone formation in osteoporosis sheep model. | [130] |
| Solid-state reaction | Calcium phosphate ceramics, (Ca + Ga)/P molar ratio of 1.515 and a Ga/Ca molar ratio in the 0–0.08 range. | Characterization of ceramic by XRD, solid-state NMR, | Improved mechanical properties. Showed a dose-dependent antiresorptive effect. | [131,137] |
| Solid-state reaction | β-TCP (up to 7.5 mol% Ga) | Characterization of ceramic by XRD and SEM. The cytocompatibility and in vitro osteoblastic differentiation were performed with mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs). Osteoclast differentiation with RAW 264.7 cells. | Improved compressive strength. Suppressed in-vitro osteoclast differentiation. | [132] |
| Solid-state reaction | Calcium phosphate ceramics, (Ca + Ga)/P molar ratio of 1.515 and a Ga/Ca molar ratio in the 0–0.08 range. | Characterization of ceramic by XRD, solid-state NMR, SEM, and EDX. Cell viability assay using RAW 264.7 cell line. In vivo biocompatibility study using rabbits. | Ga release increased preferentially in the presence of osteoclasts. Showed a good interface between implant and newly formed bone in rabbit model. | [133] |
| Solid-state reaction | Calcium phosphate ceramics, (Ca + Ga)/P molar ratio of 1.515 and a Ga/Ca molar ratio in the 0–0.08 range. | Characterization of ceramic by XRD, solid-state NMR, SEM, and EDX. Cell viability assays using primary human osteoblasts and monocytes cells. In vivo bone reconstructive study using a murine bone defect-healing model. | Suppressed in-vitro osteoclast differentiation. Increased a new bone formation. Increased new bone formation in a rat model. | [61] |
| Solid-state reaction | β-TCP and Gallium containing phosphate glasses | Characterization of ceramic by XRD, SEM, and measurement of compressive stress of the scaffolds. In vitro osteogenic behaviors assessed by mBMSCs cell line. In vitro osteoclastic behavior evaluated using RAW 264.7 cell line. | Improved cell proliferation. Enhanced the late osteogenic markers. Suppressed osteoclast differentiation. | [134,135] |