Table 2.
Words employed in the study.
| Conventional sound-symbolic | Novel sound-symbolic | Novel non-sound-symbolic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Soft” | “Hard” | “Soft” | “Hard” | |
| Funwaka (ふんわか) |
Gachigachi (がちがち) |
Munumunu (むぬむぬ) |
Kadakada (かだかだ) |
Tebahore (てばほれ) |
| Poyapoya (ぽやぽや) |
Gacchingacchin (がっちんがっちん) |
Munamuna (むなむな) |
Gukuguku (ぐくぐく) |
Jizasaki (じざさき) |
| Powapowa (ぽわぽわ) |
Kachinkachin (かちかち) |
Yapuyapu (やぷやぷ) |
Godogodo (ごどごど) |
Ruwagiku (るわぎく) |
| Fuwari (ふわり) |
Gachingachin (がちんがちん) |
Payupayu (ぱゆぱゆ) |
Gokogoko (ごこごこ) |
Wakosatsu (わこさつ) |
| Hoyahoya (ほやほや) |
Kochikochi (こちこち) |
Myunomyuno (みゅのみゅの) |
Gukaguka (ぐかぐか) |
Kosochifu (こちそふ) |
| Fukafuka (ふかふか) |
Gorigori (ごりごり) |
Fuyufuyu (ふゆふゆ) |
Kagukagu (かぐかぐ) |
Machijiya (まちじや) |
| Pafupafu (ぱふぱふ) |
Gichigichi (ぎちぎち) |
Fubafuba (ふばふば) |
Kakekake (かけかけ) |
Buranebo (ぶらねぼ) |
| Funyafunya (ふにゃふにゃ) |
Bakibaki (ばきばき) |
Funofuno (ふのふの) |
Gukoguko (ぐこぐこ) |
Gakigonu (ごきごぬ) |
| Puyopuyo (ぷよぷよ) |
Kachinkochin (かちんこちん) |
Pohapoha | Gaigai (がいがい) |
Iapeso (いあぺそ) |
| Fuwafuwa (ふわふわ) |
Kachikachi (かちかち) |
Myofumyofu (みょふみょふ) |
Kogukogu (こぐこぐ) |
Nibimuse (びにむせ) |
| Yuruyuru (ゆるゆる) |
Kochinkochin (こちんこちん) |
Punopuno (ぷのぷの) |
Katokato (かとかと) |
Fugusau (ふぐさう) |
| Kunyakunya (くにゃくにゃ) |
Garigari (がりがり) |
Bumyabumya (ぶみゃぶみゃ) |
Gotgot (ごっごっ) |
Shibaroto (しばろと) |
The Japanese Hiragana scripts were presented only to the Japanese group. The words were presented in the Roman script to the non-Japanese group.