Table 4.

Special Tests for Lower Back or Lower Extremity Pathology That May Be Performed Through Telemedicine.

Test	Description	Positive result	Able to be performed in the telemedicine setting?
Babinski	Sharp instrument ran along plantar foot, calcaneus to lateral border of midfoot/forefoot	Dorsiflexion and splaying of toes (upgoing response)	No
Sustained clonus	Rapid dorsiflexion of foot	Sustained (>5 beats) contraction of foot	No
Reflex exam	Reflex hammer evaluation of myotendinous reflex arcs	Hyporeflexia suggestive of short tract findings (lower motor neuron disease)	No
Single leg stance (SLS) test	Beginning in the standing position, the patient is first asked to flex one leg to 90°, allowing knee to passively flex and maintain this position	Inability to maintain stance for 30 seconds indicative of L5 pathology (may overlap with hip pathology)	Yes
5-repetition sit-to-stand (5 R STS) test	From seated position, the patient is asked to stand fully on hearing the starting queue (“Go”) and subsequently sit again, touching the seat firmly. This maneuver is repeated for 5 cycles.	Total time >15 seconds associated with worse overall lower extremity function and disability	Yes
Straight leg raise (SLR)	From the supine position, patient acted to actively flex their hip, keeping knee extended	Pain with hip flexion beyond 30° suggestive of herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP). Inability to perform straight leg raise suggestive of iliopsoas weakness	Yes