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. 2022 Mar 6;12(6):2658–2673. doi: 10.7150/thno.64244

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Antibiofilm Activity of GOX-HMSN-AZM. (A) Photographs of crystal violet-stained biofilms after different treatments. (B) The corresponding eradication effect of different treatments against S. aureus biofilms. (C) Photographs of bacterial colonies formed by S. aureus in biofilms which were treated with 500 μg/mL of PBS, HMSN, HMSN-AZM, GOX-HMSN and GOX-HMSN-AZM. (D) The corresponding colony forming unit (CFU) count of S. aureus in biofilms with different treatments. (E) The measurement of biofilm thickness. (F) The relative fluorescence intensity of biofilms after different treatments. (G) Three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microscopy images of S. aureus biofilms after different treatments. Live bacteria were stained with SYTO 9 (green fluorescence). Scale bar = 50 μm. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).