Table 1.
Summary of the types of CDs and their nanocomposites with different sizes, morphology/composition, and photophysical properties.
| Type | Shape | Chemical composition (elements) | Size [nm] | λabs / range [nm] | PLmax [nm] | PL lifetime [ns] | PL QY | PCE @λex |
ROS, QY | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, S | 10 ± 4 | 400-750 | 640 | 2.3% | N/A | 38.5%@671 nm | N/A | 116 |
| Supra-CDs | CD aggregates | C, O, N | 12.4 | 600-800 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 53% | N/A | 117 |
| CyCD | Spherical | C, O | 2.9 ± 0.5 (D) 2.8-5.0 (H) | 770 | 820 | N/A | 5.7% | 38.7%@808nm | N/A | 118 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, S | 6-10 (D) 3-5 (H) | 400-700 | 640 | 3.5 | 36.2%@808nm. | 1O2, 27% | 119 | |
| R-CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 4 | 550 | 640 | 0.68 | 22.9% | 44% | N/A | 120 |
| NIR-PCNDs | Disk-like | C, O, N | 7.8 (D) 2.1 (H) | 277, 450-631 | 710 | 3.7 | 26.28% | N/A | N/A | 121 |
| CDs | Platelet-like | C, O, N, S, Se | 20 (D) 4 (H) | 526 | 730, 820 | N/A | 0.2% | 58%@635nm | N/A | 122 |
| R-NBE-T-CQDs | Triangular | C, O | 3.9 | 582 | 598 | 6.6 | 54% | N/A | N/A | 87 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 7.6 | 268, 277, 634 | 750 | 2.1 | 43% | N/A | N/A | 123 |
| CDs | Disk-like | C, O, N, S | 2-5 (D) 0.5-2 (H) | 340, 455, 605, 650 | 720 | N/A | 0.2% | 59%@655 nm | N/A | 39 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 2 | 270-400 | 450 nm | N/A | 20% | N/A | 1O2, 0.82 | 124 |
| N-O-CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 1.2-3.3 (D) 1.06 (H) | 375/600-850 nm | 475 | 16.1% | N/A | 38.3%@808 | N/A | 125 |
| CDs-650 | Spherical | C, O, N | 7 (D) 8.5 (H) | 250, 365, 650 | 530 | N/A | N/A | 54.3%@655nm | N/A | 126 |
| DPP CDs | N/A | C, O, N, S | 3.72 ± 0.67 | 530 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1O2, 27.6% | 127 |
| CuCD NSs | Sheet-like | C, O, N, S, Cu | 23.4 | 340 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 41.3%@808 nm | N/A | 128 |
| CuSCDB@MMT7 | Spherical | N/A | 222.5 ± 20.1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 39.7%@808nm | N/A | 129 |
| BCCGH | Sphere-like | C, O, N, S, Cu, Gd | 7.9 | 605/ 640-700 | 655 | N/A | N/A | 68.4%@808nm | N/A | 130 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 5.6 | 226, 280, 615 | 648, 685 | 20 | 34% | N/A | N/A | 131 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 4-5 | 560 | 630, 670 | N/A | 25% | N/A | N/A | 132 |
| NIR-CDs | Disk-like | C, O, N | 4 (D) 0.4-2 (H) | 619, 720 | 770 | 0.561 | 11% | N/A | N/A | 133 |
| CNDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 2.5 | 540 | 600-900 | 3.3 | 56% | N/A | N/A | 90 |
| Ce6-RCDs | Spherical | C, N, O | 3.7 | 405, 640 | 653 | N/A | N/A | 46%@671 nm | N/A | 134 |
| Ni-pPCDs | Spherical | C, N, O, Ni | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 204, 243, 286, 510 | 605 | N/A | 45.6% | N/A | N/A | 135 |
| NIR-CD/MoS2 | Sheet | C, O, N, S, Mo | 100 | 450 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 78.2% @808 nm | N/A | 136 |
| DA@N-CDs(Mn) NPs | Spherical | N/A | 3.1 | 530 | 620 nm | 4.5% | N/A | 28.2%@808 nm | N/A | 137 |
| CQDs | Disk-like | C, O, N | 2.42 | 628 | 665 | 2.49 | 47% | N/A | N/A | 138 |
| C-CD /TiO2 |
spherical | C, O, Ti | 244.6 | 285, 400 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9.54%@808nm | N/A | 139 |
| CDs | spherical | C, N, O, S | 4.4 | 315, 355/ 320-750 | 930 | 4.59, 13.08 | ∼8.0% | 54.7%@808nm | N/A | 140 |
| SCDs | spherical | C, O, N | 20 | 337, 600 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 41.7%@808 nm | N/A | 141 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N, F | 2.6 | 556, 624, 715, 847 | 658, 777 | 6.8 | 10 | N/A | N/A | 142 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 4 | 295, 395, 580 | 642 | 5.9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 143 |
| CDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 4-6 | 339 | 449 | 2.56 | 0.39% | N/A | O2-, 1.08% | 144 |
| Se/N-CDs | Spherical | C, O, N, Se | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 317,550 | 607 | N/A | 3.70% | N/A | 1O2, 10.6% | 145 |
| CCOF @PEG |
Spherical | N/A | 235 | 200-900 | 650 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 146 |
| NCDs | Spherical | C, O, N | 4.1 ± 1.6 (D) 2.3 ± 0.8 (H) | 610 | 623 | 77.6%@660 | 1O2, 37% | 147 | ||
| S-CDs | Sphere-like | C, O, S, | 3.2 (H) 2.0 (H) | 300, 360/ 400-900 | 440 | N/A | N/A | 55.4%@808 nm | N/A | 148 |
| Ni-CDs | Spherical | C, O, N, Ni | 4.6 (D) 1.9 (H) | 1002/ 750-1350 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 76.1%@1064 nm | N/A | 149 |
| S, N-CDs | Spherical | C. N. O, S | 9 | 560/ 600-700 | 630 | N/A | 12.4% | 34.4% @808nm | 1O2, 27% | 150 |
| TP-CDs | Quasi-spherical | C, O, N | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 274/400-600 | 605 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 151 |
| RGQDs | Spherical | C, O | 3.54 | 230 | 532, 950 | N/A | 6% | N/A | N/A | 152 |
| CDs | spherical | C, O, | 3-4 | 310, 365 | 502 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1O2, 0.51 | 153 |
| f-CDAs | C, O, N | 12-22 (D) 7-13 (H) | 550-700 | 675 | 2.3 | 15.6% | 26.1%@655 nm | N/A | 154 | |
| FA-CD/PPy-NPs | spherical | C. N. O | 6.08 ± 2.07 | 260/ 700-1000 nm | 520 | N/A | 20.39 ± 1.80 % | 40.80 ± 1.54% @808nm | N/A | 155 |
| NIR-II-CD/BP Hybrids | Sheet-like | C, N, O, P | 100-200 (D) 2.0 (H) | 420 | 480 | N/A | N/A | 61.4%@1064 nm 77.3%@808 nm |
N/A | 156 |
| anti-EpCAM@ PDA-CDs@Pt(IV) | Spherical | C, N, O, Pt | 1.7 | 275, 360 | 454 | N/A | ∼22.5% | 39.1%@808 nm | N/A | 157 |
Abbreviations: D—diameter; H—height; λabs—Maximal absorption wavelength; λex—excitation wavelength; λem—emission wavelength; PCE@ λex—photothermal conversion efficiency @ corresponding excitation wavelength; and ROS, QY—reactive oxygen species, quantum yield.