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Targets of metformin among the hallmarks of aging. Metformin attenuates aging and aging-related diseases by targeting nine hallmarks of aging, including (1) four primary hallmarks (loss of proteostasis, telomere attrition, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations); (2) three antagonistic hallmarks (deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence); (3) two integrative hallmarks (altered intercellular communication and stem cell exhaustion).
