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Cd-induced oxidative stress and damages in plants (conceived from Genchi et al., 2020; Shiyu et al., 2020). 1O2, singlet oxygen; ROS, reactive oxygen species; O2•–, superoxide anion; H2O2•, hydrogen peroxide; •OH, hydroxyl radical; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; POD, peroxidase; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; DHAR, dehydro-ascorbate reductase.
