TABLE 1.
Ultrastructural/anatomical damages in different plant species due to cadmium (Cd) toxicity.
| Plant species | Cd levels | Ultrastructural changes/damages | References |
| At root level | |||
| Gossypium hirsurum L. | 20.26 μM | Cd deposit between intercellular spaces of secondary phloem, and root periderm indicated adsorption and localization of Cd. | Chen et al., 2015 |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | 25 μM | Accumulation of Cd in root cells was higher than in the stem. | Xu et al., 2013 |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | 30 μM | Hyper accumulation of the Cd in root tissues as compared to its counterparts. Cd cause reduction of passage cells in the endodermis, thickened pericycle cell walls was assessed. | Alle et al., 2016 |
| Pteris vittata L. | 100 μM | Fewer numbers of root hairs, reduce apical meristem, reddish colored precipitates formed in root vacuoles. | Balestri et al., 2014 |
| Oryza sativa L. | 100 μM | Disintegration occurs in root cell walls and vascular tissues, brown granular deposits in the root exodermal cells, and prominence of root nucleoli. | Shah et al., 2013 |
| Miscanthus floridulus L. | 10 μM | Hyper accumulation of Cd in root cells. | Guo et al., 2016 |
| Zea mays L. | 0.1 mM | Extensive root area, large parenchyma, and cortical cells of roots. | Maksimović et al., 2007 |
| Aegiceras corniculatum L. | 4 g L–1 | Root tissues decreased in the following order: endodermis > pith > xylem > epidermis and exodermis > phloem > cortex. | Li J. et al. (2019) |
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| At stem level | |||
| Ceratopteris pteridoides L. | 60 μM L–1 | Tracheids consist of pits in later walls, narrowing occur in the xylem and phloem vessels, vascular bundles disrupted in the form of aggregation, grana were dissolved and chloroplast form ellipsoidal shape. | Bora and Sarma, 2021 |
| Trigonella foenum L. | 50 μg g–1 | Proportion of cortex and vasculature decreased, prominent alteration occur in the xylem and phloem. | Ahmad et al., 2005 |
| Arundo donax L. | 101 mg kg–1 | Lower proportion of xylem, thin epidermal tissues, sclerification occurs in epidermis. | Guo and Miao, 2010 |
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| At leaf level | |||
| Pistia stratiotes L. | 12.8 mg L–1 | Reduce proportion of aerenchyma in leaves. | Silva et al., 2013 |
| Avicennia schaueriana L. | 64 mg L–1 | Disruption occurs in nuclear membranes, dense material deposit in the vascular bundles of parenchyma cells. | Mizushima et al., 2019 |
| Eucalyptus urophylla L. | 450 μM | Decline occurs in adaxial and abaxial epidermal thickness, palisade, and spongy parenchyma thickness. | da Silva Cunha et al., 2020 |
| Cicer arietinum L. | 0.1 mM | Reduce leaf thickness, abaxial and adaxial stomata closed | Liza et al., 2020 |
| Ceratopteris pteridoides L. | 60 μM L–1 | Cause stomatal closure, narrow xylem vessels, disorganized chloroplast, and chloroplast components, excessive plastoglobules and large starch grains. | Bora and Sarma, 2021 |
| Populus deltoides L. | 8.14 mg kg–1 | Size of palisade tissues decreased, adaxial epidermal cell size decreased. | Nikolić et al., 2017 |
| Salvia sclarea L. | 100 μM | Decline in epidermal cell size, osmiophilic granules embedded in cell vacuoles, loss of intercellular spaces, dense mesophyll cells seemed. | Dobrikova et al., 2021 |