TABLE 5.

Bioremediation potential of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) against Cd toxicity.

Mycorrhizae	Plant	Mechanisms of heavy metals alleviation	References
Aspergillus aculeatus	Cynodondactylon (L.)	Alteration of metabolites, IAA production, and Higher relative growth rate (RGR) and normalized relative transpiration rate (NRT).	Li et al., 2017a
Alternaria alternata	Solanum nigrum	High antioxidant activity, Improvement in plant photosynthetic efficiency, Attenuated lipid peroxidation	Li et al., 2017b
Glomus versiforme, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices	Zea mays L.	This study demonstrated a synergistic effect between AMF and biochar on improving maize growth and decreasing Cd/Pb accumulation in maize	Zhuo et al., 2020
Glomus intraradices	Zea mays L. Zea mays L.	Decreasing Cd phyto-toxicity due to the synergistic effect of microbes and biochar
Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus versiforme	Lonicera japonica	Microbial symbiosis ameliorated the Cd toxicity by reducing Cd content in shoot and improved of P uptake	Liu et al., 2018
Glomus versiforme Glomus elunicatum, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus intraradices,	Medicago sativa	Reduced Cd content
Rhizophagus irregularis	Glycine max	Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization had no impact on Cd concentration and translocation in HN89 and HX3 plants	Jiang et al., 2016
Glomus aggregatum Rhizophagus fasciculatus, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices	Zea mays	Phytoextraction
Glomus geosporum Glomus mosseae Glomus intraradices Glomus claroideum	Nicotiana tabacum	Reduced the Cd mobility in the soil (Phytostabilization)	Zhang et al., 2019
Glomus intraradices	Zea mays	Cd concentration was reduced by improving the growth of maize; Sequestered Cd toxicity by upregulating the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT
Scutellospora sp. Gigaspora sp. Acaulospora sp. Glomus sp.	Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae	Improved glomalin protein to sequester Cd content	Cui et al., 2019
Glomus sp.	Triticum aestivum	Phytostabilization potential to sequester Cd; Cd immobilization
Rhizophagus irregularis	Phragmites australis	Cd toxicity ameliorated by improving photosynthesis rate, root biomass, micro- and macro-element concentrations in plants and decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline content; Reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to alleviate Cd toxicity	Singh et al., 2019
Rhizophagus intraradices G. versiforme	Lonicera japonica	Decreased MDA by improving P acquisition, antioxidant activity (CAT, APX, and GR)
G. mosseae	Apium graveolens	Increased chlorophyll content, P accumulation, and plant growth by increasing phytoextraction in Cd stress	Janoušková et al., 2006
G. mosseae, G. intraradices, G. etunicatum	Cassia italic Mill	Cd stress mitigated by the enhanced production of antioxidants, chlorophyll, and protein content, and osmoprotectants including proline and phenol content