Table 3.

Causes for hs-cTn elevation.

Myocardial injury related to acute myocardial ischaemia in ACS	Myocardial injury related to acute ischaemia resulting from oxygen supply/demand imbalance		Other causes for myocardial injury, without CAD		False-positive results
	Reduced coronary perfusion	Increased myocardial oxygen demand	Cardiac related	Multifactorial, systemic or indeterminate
Plaque rupture followed by thrombosis	Coronary vasospasm	Sustained tachyarrhythmia	Heart failure	Sepsis, infectious disease	Cross-sectional reactions of anticardiac directed antibodies
	Coronary embolism	Severe hypertension	Cardiomyopathy	Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary hypertension
	Microvascular dysfunction		Takotsubo syndrome	Chronic kidney disease	Heterophilic antibodies, rheumatoid factor, biotin, alkaline phosphatase
	Coronary artery dissection		Myocarditis pericarditis	Stroke
	Sustained bradyarrhythmia		Coronary revascularization procedures	Subarachnoid haemorrhage
	Hypotension/shock		Catheter ablation	Infiltrative diseases	Violation of the preanalytic stage: lipemia, ictericity, hemolysis, fibrin clots, or a malfunction of the analyzer
	Respiratory failure		Cardiac procedures	Critically ill patients
	Severe anemia		Defibrillator shocks	Strenuous exercise
			Cardiac contusion	Cardiotoxic agents (chemotherapy, narcotic drugs, adreno- and sympathomimetics)
				COVID-19

ACS = acute coronary syndrome; CAD = coronary artery disease.