Table 2.
Outcome measures (primary and secondary) after 6 months of follow-up.
| Outcomes | Adjusted means (Yoga) mean (SE) | Adjusted means (control) mean (SE) | AMD (95% CI) | F value, partial eta square |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ||||
| Lung function | ||||
| FEV1 (L) | 3.02 (0.09) | 1.99 (0.09) | 1.02 (0.75–1.29)** | 56.84, 0.33** |
| GLIFEV1 PP | 68.80 (3.73) | 48.19 (3.73) | 20.61 (10.05–31.165)** | 14.92, 0.11** |
| FVC (L) | 3.81 (0.12) | 2.65 (0.12) | 1.14 (0.79–1.49)** | 41.81, 0.26** |
| GLIFVC PP | 72.04 (3.99) | 52.31 (3.99) | −19.75 (8.40–31.10)* | 11.87, 0.087* |
| GLIFEV1/FVCPP | 81.40 (4.15) | 84.54 (4.15) | 3.19 (−8.68–14.96), 0.600 | 299.14, 0.002 |
| FEF25-75 (L.sec-1) | 76.66 (2.43) | 47.34 (2.37) | 29.33 (22.46–36.20)** | 71.46, 0.38** |
| PEFR | 93.88(2.88) | 49.81 (2.80) | 43.47 (35.33–51.60)** | 111.91,0.49** |
| FEV1 (L) z-score | −1.38 (0.20) | −3.03 (0.20) | 1.66 (1.10–2.21)** | 34.61, 0.218** |
| FVC (L) z-score | −1.25 (0.23) | −3.13 (0.23) | 1.88 (1.21–2.55)** | 31.04, 0.200** |
| FEV1/FVC z-score | −0.59 (0.15) | −0.59 (0.15) | 0.01 (−0.44–0.45), 0.982P | 0.00, 0.00 |
| FEF25–75% z-score | 25.75 (0.61) | 18.90 (0.60) | 6.85 (5.12–8.57)** | 62.01, 0.37** |
| Secondary | ||||
| Cognitive function | ||||
| DSST | 49.27 (1.01) | 37.44 (0.98) | 11.82 (8.90–14.75)** | 64.15, 0.36** |
| TMT A (s) | 24.18 (1.18) | 49.00 (1.14) | −24.60 (−28.14–21.05)** | 189.06, 0.62** |
| TMT B (s) | 71.68 (2.68) | 113.67 (2.61) | −41.99 (−49.72– −34.25)** | 115.69, 0.50** |
| Psychological well-being | ||||
| PSS | 18.77 (0.66) | 20.25 (0.64) | −1.47 (−3.33–0.38) | 2.45, 0.021, 0.12 |
| WHOQOL-Bref | 64.45(1.37) | 37.20 (1.34) | 27.25 (23.27–31.23)** | 183.69, 0.62** |
| Oxidative stress markers | ||||
| MDA, nmol/ml nmol/ml | 1.90 (1.00) | 2.53 (0.98) | −63.72 (−91.94–35.05) | 20.03, 0.15** |
| SOD (units/min/mg protein) | 0.32 (0.02) | 0.26 (0.18) | 0.06 (0.010–0.11) | 5.38, 0.04, 02* |
| GSH, mg/ml | 3.55 (0.10) | 2.48 (0.10) | 1.08 (0.79–1.37) | 53.48, 0.32** |
FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; GLIFEV1PP - indicates Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) percent predicted of FEV1, FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1 (L), forced expiratory volume in one second (L indicates liter); FEV1/FVC, ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity; FEF (25–75), forced expiratory flow between the 25 and 75% of the FVC; PEFR, peak expiratory flow rate; z-scores are standard deviation scores of spirometric variables adjusted for sex, age, and height using the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI)-2012 equations DSST score, Digit symbol substitution test; TMT-A and -B, Trail Making Tests, part A and B; PSS, Perceived stress score; WHOQOL-Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF; TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; MDA, Malondialdehyde; GSH, Glutathione. The adjusted means of all variables are presented along with standard errors (SE).
Adjusted means stand for the mean values of the outcome variables adjusted for covariates age, educational level, BMI, cumulative exposure index (CEI), and serum achetylcholinesatse levels for raw spirometric variables. However, for Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) percent predicted variables, age and BMI adjustments were not done as the data is standardized for age, height and ethnicity. AMD: Adjusted mean difference, differences in the adjusted means between the two groups (i.e., adjusted for the covariate).
Indicate P-value < 0.05, and
indicate P < 0.01.
GLI z-scores are independent of age, and height.