Eliminating the original function of GBM-sEVs in tumor progression by saponin treatment. (A) Proliferation of U87 cells after 48 h incubation with U87-sEVs or sa-U87-sEVs at different concentration (left), proliferation of U251 cells after 48 h incubation with U87-sEVs or sa-U87-sEVs at different concentration (right). (B) Proliferation of U87 cells after 48 h incubation with U87-sEVs or sa-U87-sEVs for different time points (left), proliferation of U251 cells after 48 h incubation with U87-sEVs or sa-U87-sEVs for different time points (left) (C) Micrographs of the Transwell assay (left). The cell invasive ability of U87 and U251 cells after being treated with U87-sEVs, sa-U87-sEVs and U251-sEVs, sa-U251-sEVs, respectively, at different concentrations for different time points. Statistical analysis of the invasion of U87 and U251 cells after treatment (right). (D) Images of subcutaneous xenograft tumor-bearing mice treated with PBS, U251-sEVs or sa-U251-sEVs. (E) Weight of the subcutaneous xenograft tumor. (F) The volume of the subcutaneous xenograft tumor. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns indicates no statistical significance.