Fig. 3.
Effect of wireless electrical stimulation on bioelectric homeostasis of HUVECs. (a) [Ca2+]i imaging in different groups before and after LIPUS loading. Pseudo-color is used for better identification of concentration gradients. (b) Cell membrane potential imaging of different groups before and after LIPUS loading. (c) Schematic diagram of BTO nanoparticles regulating angiogenesis under LIPUS loading. Wireless electrical stimulation disturbs the original [Ca2+]i gradient, thereby inhibiting the eNOS/NO pathway and downregulating the secretion of angiogenesis-related factors, which ultimately limits the differentiation of blood vessels. Enhanced wireless electrical stimulation generated by P-BTO nanoparticles could destroy the original [Ca2+]i gradient to the greatest extent.