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. 2022 Mar 28;18:399–408. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.027

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Effect of wireless electrical stimulation on tumor vascular normalization in vivo. (a) Representative images of microvascular morphology. Endothelial cells and pericytes were visualized by CD31 (red) and α-SMA (green). (b) Vessel permeability and perfusion were characterized by injection of TRITC-dextran (red) and FITC-lectin (green). (c) Pimonidazole (brown) staining showed local hypoxia. Data are mean ± s.d. of biological replicates (n = 4). (d) Statistical analysis of microvascular density and pericyte coverage. Data are mean ± s.d. of biological replicates (n = 4). (e) Statistical analysis of vessel perfusion and permeability. Data are mean ± s.d. of biological replicates (n = 4). (f) Statistical analysis of pimonidazole positive areas. Data are mean ± s.d. of biological replicates (n = 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 or ***p < 0.001. Enhanced wireless electrical stimulation generated by P-BTO nanoparticles under LIPUS can significantly improve vascular morphology, enhance blood perfusion, reduce vascular leakage, restore local oxygenation, and achieve normalization of tumor vascular structure and function.